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"ABSTRAKRepresentasi valid heterogenitas geologi merupakan masukan penting bagi model kuantitatif yang digunakan dalam mengelola kegiatan bawah permukaan. Dalam tubuh sedimen, distribusi fasies merupakan faktor penting heterogenitas geologi. Tiga pemodelan berbasis grid telah digunakan untuk membangun model numerik untuk distribusi fasies Formasi Missisauga, lapangan Penobscot yaitu Sequential Indicator Simulation, Truncated Gaussian Simulation dan Multi-point Geostatistics. Pemodelan berbasis variogram (Sequential Indicator Simulation, Truncated Gaussian Simulation), menghasilkan model yang memperhitungkan nilai-nilai data sumur dan korelasi spasial antar sumur tapi terlalu terbatas untuk menangkap geometri sebenarnya dari fasies disebabkan oleh fakta bahwa variogram hanya memodelkan kontinuitas spasial antara dua lokasi pada satu waktu. Multi-point Geostatistics, suatu pemodelan yang bebas variogram, menawarkan representasi yang lebih baik untuk heterogenitas geologi karena memungkinkan menangkap struktur dari training image dengan meminjam pola multi-point dari training image, untuk kemudian ‘ditanamkan’ pada data well-log, data seismik dan data produksi. Training-image yang digunakan dalam Multi-point Geostatistics tidak dapat dipilih secara sembarang karena tidak semua singkapan dapat dijadikan model training-image. Pengetahuan geologi yang komprehensif adalah kunci dari pemodelan Multi-point Geostatistics.

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ABSTRACTValid representation of facies distribution is an important input for quantitative models used in managing subsurface activities. Three grid-based algorithms have been employed to build models for sand distribution of Missisauga Formation, Penobscot Field for the test. Variogram-based techniques (Sequential Indicator Simulation and Truncated Gaussian Simulation) generate models that honor well data values and spatial correlation between the wells but they are limited to capture actual facies geometries due to the fact that variogram only models spatial continuity between two locations at a time. Multiple-point geostatistics, a variogram-free technique, offers better representation of geological heterogeneity since it allows capturing structure from so-called ‘training images’ by borrowing multiple-point patterns from the training image, then anchors them to subsurface well-log, seismic and production data. Nevertheless, the training image used in multiple-point geostatistics cannot be chosen arbitrarily, and that not all outcrops might be suitable for training image models. Comprehensive knowledge of geological heterogeneity is the key of a successful multiple-point facies modeling."

"ABSTRAKMetoda pemodelan data petrofisika dilakukan untuk memberikan cara yang lebihakurat dalam penentuan reservoar. Pemodelan yang diaplikasikan pada penelitianini adalah substitusi fluida Gassmann yang dilakukan pada reservoar batupasiruntuk melihat prilaku fluida pada kondisi tersaturasi air dan tersaturasihidrokarbon terhadap gelombang seismik. Penelitian ini dilakukan denganmenggunakan data yang sudah dipublikasikan dari Lapangan Penobscot,Cekungan Scotia Canada pada reservoar batupasir Formasi Mississauga, pada duadata sumur yaitu L30 dan B41 serta data seismik 3D,Analisa yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini meliputi analisa parameterpetrofisika, analisa crossplot, substitusi fluida, pengikatan seismik dengan datasumur dan perbandingan amplitudo data seismik. Substitusi fluida sendirimelibatkan data log p-wave, s-wave dan densitas batuan karena ketiga log tersebutsensitif terhadap pengaruh fluida yang berbeda dalam mengisi ruang dan pori,Tiga elemen penting dalam metoda ini adalah fluida itu sendiri, rock frame danmatrik pada mineral. Sedangkan perangkat lunak yang digunakan adalahHampson-RusselKarakteristik pada kasus brine didapatkan nilai vp dan vs mengalami kenaikansedangkan nilai densitasnya turun terhadap kedaan awalnya. Pada kasus minyakdan gas nilai densitasnya naik tetapi nilai vp dan vs-nya trurun terhadap keadaanawalnya. Kemudian perbandingan antara data seismik real dan sintetikmenunjukan trend yang sama tetapi pada data real seismik memiliki noise yanglebih besar. Perubahan prilaku amplitudo seismik pun terbukti pada sintetik untukkasus brine, kasus minyak dan kasus gas seiring dengan bertambahnya offset.

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ABSTRACTPetrophysical method of modeling data is done to provide reservoir determinationaccurately. Gassmann fluids substitution is consider modeling to predict fluidsbehavior on wet case and hydrocarbon saturated attached to seismic response forthe sand reservoir condition.. The study was conducted using published data fromthe sands reservoir Missisauga Formation on Penobscot Field, Scotia Basin inCanada, involving two wells available L30 and B41, also 3D seismic dataThe analysis on this research include sensitivity analysis, crossplot analysis,fluids substitution, well seismic tying, and comparison of amplitude. Fluidssubstitution involves p-wave, s-wave and rocks density, because these three arevery sensitive on different fluids which fill pore and space. The most importantelements in this method is the fluids itself, rocks frame and minerals matrix.Hampson-Russell software program is used to perform the fluids substitutionCharacteristic of the brine case p-wave and s-wave values were increased whilethe value of its density decreased. For oil and gas cases, the density value wereincreased while the p-wave and s-wave values were decreased compare with theinsitu condition. Comparison between real-seismic and synthetics picking showsthe same trend although on real-seismic there were much noise than synthetics.The amplitude changes performed on synthetic brine case, oil case and gas casewere proven with increasing offset"

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh servicescape terhadap pembentukan Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) oleh konsumen Restoran The Playground Cabang Pondok Indah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 100 pengunjung Restoran Electronic Word of Mouth dengan menggunakan metode non-probability sampling serta teknik purposive. Instrumen penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner dan dianalisis menggunakan linear regression. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa servicescape memiliki pengaruh yang kuat dan signifikan terhadap pembentukan electronic word of mouth.

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The objective of this research is to analyze how the influence of servicescape in establish Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) by consumers of The Playground Restaurant at Pondok indah Mall. This research applied quantitative approach. The sample of this research is 100 consumers of The Playground Restaurant, collected using nonprobability sampling and purposive technique. This research used questionnaire as research instrument and analyzed using linear regression. The result of this research shows that servicescape has significant influence on the formation of electronic word of mouth."

"Formasi karbonat Abenaki berumur Jurrasic-Akhir pada Lapangan Penobscot, Pantai Timur Provinsi Nova Scotia, Canada, di interpretasikan sebagai platform karbonat laut dangkal yang didominasi oleh oolitic limestone yang menjalar sepanjang tepian paparan samudera. Tugas akhir ini bertujuan untuk membangun model geologi berdasarkan integrasi data geofisika dan petrofisika, yang digunakan untuk deskripsi geometri pada kerangka struktur dan distribusi fasies dan properti petrofisika seperti porositas, saturasi air, dan kandungan lempung. Perhitungan potensi hidrokarbon di dalam reservoar karbonat dilakukan berdasarkan model properti petrofisika yang didistribusikan berdasarkan korelasinya terhadap Atribut Impedansi Akustik, yang dapat diperoleh dari proses inversi seismik. Crossplot antara Impedansi Akustik dengan properti petrofisika menunjukkan hubungan dalam identifikasi litologi yang kemudian menjadi dasar pada distribusi fasies dan properti reservoar. Hasil perhitungan volumetrik yang dikontrol oleh properti akustik menjadi acuan yang penting dalam pengembangan dan rencana produksi Lapangan Penobscot.

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The Upper Jurassic carbonate Abenaki formation in Penobscot Field, East Coast of Nova Scotia Province, Canada, is interpreted as a submarine carbonate platform dominated by oolitic limestone lies along the ancient shelf edge. This undergraduate thesis is to build the geological model based on integration of geophysical and petrophysical data, which used to describe geometry of structural framework and distribution of facies and petrophysical properties such as porosity, water saturation, and clay content. Calculation of hydrocarbon potential within the carbonate reservoir is performed based on the property model, which distributed with its correlation with Acoustic Impedance Attribute that can be obtained from seismic inversion process. The crossplot between Acoustic Impedance with the petrophysical properties showing relationship in lithology identification which then became the basis of the facies and reservoir properties distribution. The results of volumetric calculation that controlled by acoustic property will be a noteworthy reference on the development and production plan of Penobscot Field."

"Lapangan SF adalah salah satu lapangan yang berada di Sub-Cekungan Jambi. Lapangan ini terbukti menghasilkan minyak dan gas di dalam reservoar batupasir Formasi Air Benakat dan Formasi Gumai. Lapangan ini ditinggalkan selama 20 tahun dikarenakan tekanan reservoar yang rendah, jumlah gas yang tinggi, masalah distribusi fluida resevoar serta masalah mekanikal lainnya. Hal inilah yang menjadi faktor bahwa lapangan ini perlu langkah interpretasi bawah permukaan lebih lanjut untuk mendapatkan reservoar baru yang prospektif dan dapat mengoptimalisasi produksi. Studi ini dilakukan pemodelan penyebaran fasies, parameter petrofisika dan perhitungan cadangan hidrokarbon untuk mengetahui arah perkembangan reservoar yang baik pada lapangan ini. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya endapan sedimen sand tidal bar yang memiliki karakter reservoar yang baik dengan porositas rata-rata sebesar 21-24 %. Endapan sand tidal bar terakumulasi di bagian barat daya lapangan. Selain itu, dari hasil perhitungan cadangan diprediksi lapangan ini masih menyimpan 18 MMSTB minyak dan 2 BCF gas.

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SF field is located in Jambi Sub-Basin. This field proven to produce oil and gas in sand reservoir of Air Benakat Formation and Gumai Formation. Twenty years this field was suspended due to low reservoir pressure, high gas oil ratio, reservoir fluid distribution and mechanical problems. Therefore, this field needs more interpretation to get new reservoir and can optimalization the production. This study will focus only in P Interval, Gumai Formation that indicates potential for further drilling to develop.

The aim of this study is to delineate fasies and petrophysics distribution, and also to calculate reserves for indicating good reservoir direction in this field. The result of this study indicates there is sediment of sand tidal bar and this facies accumulates in the south-west of SF field. Sand tidal bar has a porosity value from 21%-24%. In addition, from the volume calculation of hydrocarbon this field is predicted still have 18 MMSTB of oil and 2 BCF of gas."

"ABSTRAKDaerah penelitian lapangan HN ini berada pada Sub Cekungan Jambi yang secara regional termasuk wilayah Cekungan Sumatera Selatan. Fokus penelitian ini berada pada lapisan L formasi Air Benakat yang merupakan reservoir pada lapangan HN ini. Dikarenakan tingginya water cut dari beberapa sumur produksi, sehingga dibutuhkan evaluasi baru untuk mengetahui arah penyebaran reservoir yang baik dan mengetahui besar geometri reservoir lapisan L. Salah satu metodeyang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan pemodelan. Pemodelan fasies menggunakan metode TGS (Truncated Gaussian Simulation) sedangkan Pemodelan properti menggunakan metode SGS (Sequential Gaussian Simulation).Pembuatan model properti, secara umum akan mengikuti model fasies yang telah dibentuk, dengan melihat karakteristik batuan reservoar yaitu porositas, permeabilitas, Net to Gross (NTG), dan Saturasi Air (Sw). Dari hasil pemodelan properti ini dilakukan prediksi cadangan hidrokarbon pada lapisan L5. Dari hasilpenelitian ini menunjukkan lapangan “HN” berada pada lingkungan pengendapan Shallow Marine Delta Front dengan pembagian fasies menjadi Mouthbar dan Interdistributary Channel dan karakter reservoir yang baik yaitu porositas 22%, permeabilitas 31.42 mD, serta saturasi air 40%. Daerah yang direkomendasikan berada pada bagian selatan lapangan “HN”, dimana dari hasil perhitungan cadangan diprediksikan memiliki minyak 13 MMSTB dan gas 2 BCF.

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ABSTRACTHN field study is located at Jambi Sub Basin which is regionally located at South Sumatera Basin. This study focuses on L layer Air Benakat Formation which is areservoir at HN Field. Because of high water cut from some of production wells, it needs a new evaluation to know the distribution and the geometry of reservoirlayer L. One of the methods that can be use is modeling. Facies modeling using TGS (Truncated Gaussian Simulation) method while property modeling usingSGS (Sequential Gaussian Simulation) method. Property modeling follows the facies model schema by looking the rock characteristics such as porosity, permeability, Net to Gross (NTG), and Water Saturation (Sw). Calculation reserve is predicted from property modeling for layer L. The result from this study indicates that “HN” Field locates at Shallow Marine Delta Front Deposition whichare consist of facies Mouthbar and Interdistributary Channel and a good reservoir characterictic which are 22% porosity, 31,42 mD permebility and 40% WaterSaturation. Recommendation area is located in South of “HN” Field, which is from volume calculation of hydrocarbon is predicted still have 13 MMSTB oildan 2 BCF gas"

"[ABSTRAKLapangan “Bravo Tango” merupakan salah satu lapangan eksplorasi yang telah terbukti keberadaan hidrokarbonnya melalui pengeboran sumur eksplorasi yaitu Siera-1 dan sumur delineasinya yaitu Siera-2. Adapun target reservoarnya adalah reservoar CD Carbonates yang tersusun atas batugamping dengan sisipan shale dari formasi Ngimbang yang berumur Eo-Oligosen. Pada daerah penelitian, CD Carbonates dapat dibagi atas 6 zona yaitu zona-A sampai dengan zona-F dengan ketebalan reservoar berkisar hanya 5-20 meter.Dalam pemodelan geometri reservoar, fasies diklasifikasikan berdasarkan rock typing (RT) dan secara lateral dilakukan pemodelan fasies pengendapan (depo-fasies). Dari pengamatan core dan log diketahui bahwa pengendapan dari arah Utara yaitu lingkungan swampy inner platform interior dicirikan oleh kehadiran batubara dan semakin ke arah Tenggara menunjukkan lingkungan laut yang lebih dalam dan semakin jauh lagi ke depannya diinterpretasikan sebagai lingkungan basinal.Properti reservoar yaitu porositas (PHIT) dipopulasikan di dalam geomodel dengan menggunakan hasil analisis seismik multiatribut. Dari penyebaran porositas diketahui bahwa di Utara penelitian memiliki porositas yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sebelah Tenggara.Kontribusi volum hidrokarbon berasal dari zona-A, zona-C dan zona-F dan diperlukan analisis lebih lanjut yaitu analisis uncertainty untuk mengurangi resiko dalam proses pengembangan lapangan nantinya.

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ABSTRACT“Bravo Tango” field is one of proven exploration field by drilling one exploration well, Siera-1 and its delineation Siera-2. Reservoir target is CD Carbonates that consist of limestone intercalated with shale from Ngimbang formation aged Eo-Oligocene. On this field, CD Carbonates can be divided into 6 zones: zone-A down to zone-F within 5-20m range of thickness.In geometry reservoir modeling, facies can be classified based on rock typing (RT) and laterally depositional facies modeling (depo facies) has been created. From core and log analysis can be interpretated that sedimentation from North which is swampy inner platform interior environment characterized by coal present and further to the NE part indicate deeper marine environment and far away in front of this area interpretated as basin.One of reservoir property which is porosity (PHIT) populated within geomodel use seismic multiattribute analysis. From spread of porosity population identified that Nothern part of this field has better porosity compare to SE part.Hidrocarbon volume contribution is come from zone-A, zone-C and zone-F and it is needed futher analysis such as uncertainty analysis to reduce risk during development process in the near future, “Bravo Tango” field is one of proven exploration field by drilling one exploration well, Siera-1 and its delineation Siera-2. Reservoir target is CD Carbonates that consist of limestone intercalated with shale from Ngimbang formation aged Eo-Oligocene. On this field, CD Carbonates can be divided into 6 zones: zone-A down to zone-F within 5-20m range of thickness.In geometry reservoir modeling, facies can be classified based on rock typing (RT) and laterally depositional facies modeling (depo facies) has been created. From core and log analysis can be interpretated that sedimentation from North which is swampy inner platform interior environment characterized by coal present and further to the NE part indicate deeper marine environment and far away in front of this area interpretated as basin.One of reservoir property which is porosity (PHIT) populated within geomodel use seismic multiattribute analysis. From spread of porosity population identified that Nothern part of this field has better porosity compare to SE part.Hidrocarbon volume contribution is come from zone-A, zone-C and zone-F and it is needed futher analysis such as uncertainty analysis to reduce risk during development process in the near future]"

"[Inversi seismik deterministik telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan data PSTM di Lapangan Coki, Cekungan Kutai. Konsentrasi dari studi ini adalah zona Utama dengan kedalaman kurang lebih 3 km yang merupakan zona dengan akumulasi gas terbanyak. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi ekstensidari batupasir di Zona Utama dengan menggunakan metode klasifikasi lithoseismic berdasarkan input dari hasil inversi seismik deterministik mengingat kontribusi seismik untuk pengembangan zona Utama sangat kecil sebelumnya dikarenakanresolusi yang terbatas. Studi kelayakan fisika batuan menunjukkan bahwa untuk Zona Utama, kandungan fluida gas dan air sudah tidak bisa dipisahkan lagi di crossplot P-Impedance vsPoisson’s Ratio.Sedangkan untuk pemisahan litologi batupasir dan batulempung secara umum masih bisa dipisahkan terutama untuk batupasir dengan kualitas bagus. Dengan menggunakan cube P-Impedance dan Poisson’s Ratio hasil seismik inversi sebagai input, klasifikasi lithoseismic dilakukan untuk memisahkanbatupasir dan batulempung. Hasil akhir dari proses ini adalah sand probability cube. Sand probability cube ini selanjutnya diinterpretasi dan digunakan untuk memprediksi ekstensi dari sand di zona Utama. Hasil interpretasi menemukan beberapa target baru di daerah dimana tidak ada kontrol dari sumur dan amplitudoseismic tidak menunjukkan karakteristik khusus. Berdasarkan hasil interpretasi ini optimalisasi trayektori dan desain beberapa sumur dilakukan.

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Deterministic seismic inversions were performed using PSTM (Pre-stack time migration) data in the Coki field, Kutai Basin. The study concentrated on the Peciko Main Zone (~3 km burial depth) which is the main gas producing interval of the field.

The main objectives of this project were to identify and map sand and possibly to define new targets for future development wells. Until 2012, seismic data had little contribution to well planning for this interval since their resolutions are poor and the seismic images only show the thick packages of stacked reservoirs. A rock physics feasibility study on P-impedancevs. Poisson’s Ratio crossplot showed that water and gas sands overlap each other significantly, meanwhile sand are discriminated from shale in particular for good quality sand. Lithoseismic classification is done using inverted P-impedance and Poisson’s Ratio to discriminate sand from shale. The final result is sand probability cube. Sand probability cube is then interpreted and used to define possible extension of sand limit for Main Zone.The final interpretation discovered several new targets where there is no well control and the seismic amplitudes didn’t show any distinctive characteristics. Then well trajectories are optimized using defined sand extension in

order to better target the reservoir.;Deterministic seismic inversions were performed using PSTM (Pre-stack time

migration) data in the Coki field, Kutai Basin. The study concentrated on the Peciko

Main Zone (~3 km burial depth) which is the main gas producing interval of the field.

The main objectives of this project were to identify and map sand and possibly to

define new targets for future development wells. Until 2012, seismic data had little

contribution to well planning for this interval since their resolutions are poor and the

seismic images only show the thick packages of stacked reservoirs.

A rock physics feasibility study on P-impedancevs. Poisson’s Ratio crossplot showed

that water and gas sands overlap each other significantly, meanwhile sand are

discriminated from shale in particular for good quality sand. Lithoseismic

classification is done using inverted P-impedance and Poisson’s Ratio to discriminate

sand from shale. The final result is sand probability cube.

Sand probability cube is then interpreted and used to define possible extension of

sand limit for Main Zone.The final interpretation discovered several new targets

where there is no well control and the seismic amplitudes didn’t show any distinctive

characteristics. Then well trajectories are optimized using defined sand extension in

order to better target the reservoir.;Deterministic seismic inversions were performed using PSTM (Pre-stack time

migration) data in the Coki field, Kutai Basin. The study concentrated on the Peciko

Main Zone (~3 km burial depth) which is the main gas producing interval of the field.

The main objectives of this project were to identify and map sand and possibly to

define new targets for future development wells. Until 2012, seismic data had little

contribution to well planning for this interval since their resolutions are poor and the

seismic images only show the thick packages of stacked reservoirs.

A rock physics feasibility study on P-impedancevs. Poisson’s Ratio crossplot showed

that water and gas sands overlap each other significantly, meanwhile sand are

discriminated from shale in particular for good quality sand. Lithoseismic

classification is done using inverted P-impedance and Poisson’s Ratio to discriminate

sand from shale. The final result is sand probability cube.

Sand probability cube is then interpreted and used to define possible extension of

sand limit for Main Zone.The final interpretation discovered several new targets

where there is no well control and the seismic amplitudes didn’t show any distinctive

characteristics. Then well trajectories are optimized using defined sand extension in

order to better target the reservoir.;Deterministic seismic inversions were performed using PSTM (Pre-stack time

migration) data in the Coki field, Kutai Basin. The study concentrated on the Peciko

Main Zone (~3 km burial depth) which is the main gas producing interval of the field.

The main objectives of this project were to identify and map sand and possibly to

define new targets for future development wells. Until 2012, seismic data had little

contribution to well planning for this interval since their resolutions are poor and the

seismic images only show the thick packages of stacked reservoirs.

A rock physics feasibility study on P-impedancevs. Poisson’s Ratio crossplot showed

that water and gas sands overlap each other significantly, meanwhile sand are

discriminated from shale in particular for good quality sand. Lithoseismic

classification is done using inverted P-impedance and Poisson’s Ratio to discriminate

sand from shale. The final result is sand probability cube.

Sand probability cube is then interpreted and used to define possible extension of

sand limit for Main Zone.The final interpretation discovered several new targets

where there is no well control and the seismic amplitudes didn’t show any distinctive

characteristics. Then well trajectories are optimized using defined sand extension in

order to better target the reservoir., Deterministic seismic inversions were performed using PSTM (Pre-stack time

migration) data in the Coki field, Kutai Basin. The study concentrated on the Peciko

Main Zone (~3 km burial depth) which is the main gas producing interval of the field.

The main objectives of this project were to identify and map sand and possibly to

define new targets for future development wells. Until 2012, seismic data had little

contribution to well planning for this interval since their resolutions are poor and the

seismic images only show the thick packages of stacked reservoirs.

A rock physics feasibility study on P-impedancevs. Poisson’s Ratio crossplot showed

that water and gas sands overlap each other significantly, meanwhile sand are

discriminated from shale in particular for good quality sand. Lithoseismic

classification is done using inverted P-impedance and Poisson’s Ratio to discriminate

sand from shale. The final result is sand probability cube.

Sand probability cube is then interpreted and used to define possible extension of

sand limit for Main Zone.The final interpretation discovered several new targets

where there is no well control and the seismic amplitudes didn’t show any distinctive

characteristics. Then well trajectories are optimized using defined sand extension in

order to better target the reservoir.]"