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"It was reported that the extracts of papaya leaves could inhibit the growth of Rhizopus stolonifer. Antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaf extracts on pathogenic bacteria was observed in this study. Papaya leaves were extracted by using maceration method and three kinds of solvents : ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. Papaya leaf extracts were tested against Bacillus stearothermophilus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas sp., and Escherichia coli by agar diffusion method. The objectives of this study were to determine extract ability against pathogenic bacteria, to observe the influence of pH, NaCl, and heat on extracts ability, and to observe extract ability against B.stearothermophilus spores.The data showed that ethyl acetate extract could inhibit B. stearothermophilus, L. monocytogenes, Pseudomonas sp., and E. coli. The extract activity was influenced by pH, and it was more effective in low pH. The extract activity was influenced by NaCl against B. stearothermophillus and E. coli . However, it was not influenced by NaCl in bioassay against L. monocytogenes and Pseudomonas sp. The extract activity was influenced by heating process against all the bacteria tested. The extracts inhibited B. stearothermophilus spores as well. Papaya leaves are potential natural anti -bacteria, which might be used in certain kinds of food."

"Resistensi antibiotik menjadi salah satu permasalahan kesehatan yang telah mengancam kesehatan dunia. Perkembangan resistensi antibiotik juga mengakibatkan meningkatnya permintaan agen antimikroba baru. Beberapa tahun terakhir, tanaman obat telah banyak dieksplorasi oleh para peneliti sebagai langkah awal dalam penemuan obat antimikroba baru. Bahkan, sebanyak 50% agen antibakteri yang disetujui oleh FDA berasal dari produk alami. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji potensi daya antibakteri dari ekstrak kulit kayu masoyi yang diperoleh dengan metode Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol 96% terhadap bakteri patogen yaitu Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, serta Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksana kulit kayu masoyi menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri patogen seperti E. coli, S. typhimurium, B. cereus, dan S. aureus. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua metode yaitu metode difusi cakram kertas dan metode makrodilusi. Hasil dari uji difusi cakram kertas menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak n-heksana memiliki aktivitas antibakteri lebih baik dengan potensi lemah hingga kuat (1,05-10,33 mm) dibandingkan dengan ekstrak etil asetat (0,82-4,63 mm) dan etanol 96% (0,5-3,81 mm) yang hanya berpotensi lemah terhadap bakteri S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan P. aeruginosa. Konsentrasi hambat minimal ditentukan dengan metode makrodilusi. Hasil uji makrodilusi menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol 96% semuanya menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang lemah dengan nilai KHM > 1.000 µg/mL terhadap bakteri S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan P. aeruginosa.

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Antibiotic resistance is one of the health problems that has threatened global health. The development of antibiotic resistance has also led to an increased demand for new antimicrobial agents. In recent years, medicinal plants have been extensively explored by researchers as a first step in the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs. As many as 50% of FDA-approved antibacterial agents are derived from natural products. This study aimed to test the antibacterial potential of masoyi bark extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol 96% as solvents against pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Previously, extracts of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane from masoyi bark were reported for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, S. typhimurium, B. cereus, and S. aureus. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using two methods, which were the disc diffusion method and the macro dilution method. The results of the paper disk diffusion test showed that the n-hexane extract had a better antibacterial activity with weak to strong potency (1.05-10.33 mm) than the ethyl acetate extract (0.82-4.63 mm) and ethanol 96% extract (0.5-3.81 mm) which had only a weak potential against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa. Minimum inhibition concentration was determined by a macro dilution method. The results showed that the extracts of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol 96% all exhibited weak antibacterial activity with MIC values > 1,000 µg/mL against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa bacteria."

"Infeksi adalah proses invasi dan pembiakan mikroorganisme yang terjadi di jaringan tubuh manusia yang secara klinis mungkin tidak terlihat atau dapat menimbulkan cidera seluler lokal akibat kompetisi metabolisme, toksin, replikasi intrasel atau respon antigen-antibodi. Agen penyebab infeksi antara lain adalah bakteri. Timbulnya resistensi bahkan multiresistensi yang menimbulkan banyak masalah dalam pengobatan penyakit infeksi. Sehingga diperlukan usaha untuk mengembangkan obat tradisional berasal dari tanaman yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri yang resisten terhadap antibiotik. Salah satu tanaman yang secara empiris digunakan sebagai obat antibakteri adalah binahong. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen) adalah tanaman dari suku Anredera. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakterinya dan zat-zat kimia yang terkandung di dalam tanaman tersebut sebagai zat antibakteri. Ekstraksi tanaman dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut polar yaitu etanol 70 %. Kemudian dibuat 3 konsentarsi ekstrak yaitu 20%, 40%, dan 80%. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode difusi cakram kertas dengan mengamati diameter zona hambat. Hasil uji antibakteri ekstrak daun binahong memperlihatkan adanya aktivitas terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa yang resisten terhadap beberapa antibiotik. Dan ekstrak daun binahong dengan konsentrasi 80% yang paling besar zona hambatnya. Digunakan kontrol positif yaitu antibiotik amoksisilin + asam klavulanat dan antibiotik siprofloksasin. Sedangkan kontrol negatif yang digunakan adalah etanol 70%.

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Infection is the invasion and breeding of microorganisms that occurs in human body tissue which may not be apparent clinically or may cause local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication or antigen-antibody response. Infectious agents include bacteria. The emergence of resistance or even multi-resistance can cause a lot of problems in the treatment for infectious diseases. Therefore, multi-resistance towards antibiotics becomes a severe problem. Thus, it is necessary to develop traditional medicines derived from plants that can kill the bacteria which resistant towards antibiotics. One of the plants empirically used as antibacterial drugs is binahong. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen) is a plant from Anredera species. The research has been conducted to determine the antibacterial activity and chemical substances contained within the plant as an antibacterial agent. The extraction plant has been done by maceration method using a polar solvent that is 70% ethanol. Then made 3 extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 80%. Antibacterial activity has tested by using paper disc diffusion method in order to observing the inhibition zone. Antibacterial test results of binahong leaf extraction showed the activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were resistant to multiple antibiotics. And the leaf extract with a concentration of 80% binahong greatest inhibition zone. The positive control that was used are amoxicillin antibiotic + clavulanic acid and ciprofloxacin antibiotic, while the negative control that was used is 70% of ethanol."

"Tujuan mekanisme khasiat antibakteri minyak atsiri rimpang temu kunci belum pernah dilaporkan. Telah dilakukan analisis mekanisme aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri rimpang temu kunci yang berasal dari Yogyakarta terhadap Bacillus cereus. Aktivitas yang diamati meliputi kemampuan minyak atsiri temu kunci dalam mengganggu permeabilitas membran sel sehingga menyebabkan kebocoran sel dan perubahan morfologi sel. Kebocoran sel diamati dengan keluarnya ion Ca+2, K+, protein dan asam nukleat. Kebocoran ion diukur dengan metoda spektrometri serapan atom. Kebocoran protein diamati dengan alat spektrofotometer UV pada panjang gelombang 280 nm, sedangkan asam nukleat pada 260 nm. Perubahan morfologi sel diamati dengan alat scanning electron microscopy. Hasil Nilai minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) dari minyak atsiri temu kunci adalah 0,12 % (v/v). Perlakuan B.cereus dengan minyak atsiri 1 MIC dan 2 MIC memberi pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kebocoran sel dibanding kontrol (P<0.05). Ion K+ yang terlepas dari sel adalah 10.32-35.57%, dan ion Ca+2 adalah 15.05-41.54%. Protein yang teramati pada 280 nm menunjukkan absorbansi antara 0.6330-0.8670, sedangkan asam nukleat 0.4320-0.8307, dan semuanya berbeda bermakna dibanding kontrol (P<0.05). Pada pemberian 1 MIC minyak atsiri temu kunci sel B.cereus berubah menjadi lebih tebal, dengan lekukan-lekukan yang signifikan di seluruh sel. Pemberian 2 MIC minyak atsiri menyebabkan sel berubah menjadi transparan, kosong dan berpenampilan seperti ghost cell. Kesimpulan Minyak atsiri kaempheria pandurata menyebabkan kebocoran dan perubahan morfologi bakteri.

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AbstractAim The mechanism of temu kunci tuber essential oil potential as antimicrobial agent has not been reported. To analyze the mechanism of antibacterial activity of temu kunci tuber essential oil from Yogyakarta on B.cereus. Antibacterial activity of essential oil were analyzed for its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membrane, that caused cell leakage and altered the morphology of the bacteria. Leakage was measured by analyzing the Ca+2, K+ ion outflow using an atomic adsorption spectrometry (AAS), and protein and nucleic acid using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UVS) on 280 nm and 260 nm respectively. Alterations in morphology were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of temu kunci essential oil on B.cereus was 0.12% (v/v). Treatment of B. cereus using 1MIC and 2MIC showed significant leakage compared to control (P<0.05). The K+ and Ca+2 ion leakage from the bacterial cells were between 10.32-35.57% and 15.05-41.54% respectively and showed significant difference compared to control (P<0.05). The absorbance observed by UVS for protein and nucleic acid leakage were 0.6330-0.8670 at 280 nm and 0.4320-0.8307 at 260 nm, respectively, and were significantly different compared to control (P<0.05). Exposure of 1 MIC temu kunci essential oil on B.cereus caused thickening as well as irregularities on the cell wall. At 2 MIC cells seemed transparent, empty looking and showed a ghost-like appearance. Conclusion Kaempheria pondurata essential oil could cause leakage and alter the morphology of the bacteria."

"Latar belakang: Buah manggis merupakan buah yang memiliki banyak khasiat untuk kesehatan. Beberapa penelitian menunjukan buah ini memiliki efek antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek antibakteri kulit buah ini.Metode: Penelitian merupakan studi experimental. Besarnya sampel penelitian adalah 4 dengan jumlah perlakuan sebanyak 7 yaitu kontrol positif (Erythromycin), kontrol negatif (akuades), ekstrak kulit buah manggis pengenceran (10x,15x,20x,30x,40x). Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan mengukur zona hambat (diameter) pada agar darah yang ditanami bakteri streptococcus pneumonia. Data dianalisa dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis untuk menentukan perbedaan bermakna antar data uji, kemudian akan dilanjutkan uji Mann-Whitney untuk melihat data yang memiliki perbedaan bermakna.Hasil: Hasil pengujian hipotesis menunjukan perbedaan bermakna dan uji posthoc terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) pada perbandingan antibiotik Eritromisin dibandingkan dengan akuades dan ekstrak kulit buah manggis dalam berbagai pengenceran. Namun jika dilihat pada perbandingan antara akuades dengan ekstrak kulit buah manggis dalam pengenceran 10x dan 15x menunjukan adanya perbedaan bermakna (p=0,013 dan 0,014). Uji antara ekstrak dari kulit buah manggis pada pengenceran 20x,30x,40x dan akuades tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05).Simpulan: Ekstraksi kulit buah manggis pengenceran 10x dan 15x memiliki efek antimikroba dengan zona hambat bakteri sebesar 26 mm dan 16,5 mm.

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Background: Manggosteen is one of flora that have virtue for health. Few research indicate that this fruit have antioxidan effect and also antibacterial effect. This study head for antibacterial effect of extract mangosteen rind on a streptococcus pneumoniae.

Method : This experimental study have 4 sample with 7 treatment group among others are positive control (Erythromycin), negative control (aquades), extraction in various dilutions (10x, 15x, 20x, 30x, 40x). These treatment group zone of inhibition?s in blood agar which had been planted with sterptococcus pneumoniae bacteria will be measured. This data will be analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis & Mann-Whitney test to identify which data have significant differences.

Result: Kruskal-Wallis test show asignificance value (p = 0.000) and Mann-Whitney test has significant difference (p <0.05) in comparison between erythromycin compared with aquades and mangosteen peel extraction at various dilution. Comparison in mann-wthitney test between aquades and mangosteen peel extract at 10x and 15x dilution indicates there is a significant difference (p = 0.013 and 0,014). Between aquades and mangosteen peel extract 20x, 30x, 40x dilution indicates no significant difference (p> 0.05).

Conclution: Extract of mangosteen rind have a inhibition effect on the growth of Streptococcus Pneumoniae bacteria which create a inhibition zone on blood agar for 10x dilution are 26 mm and for 15x dilution are 16,5 mm."

"Masalah resistensi antimikroba yang berkembang menyebabkan munculnya kuman panresisten, yang resisten terhadap semua antimikroba yang tersedia. Munculnya bakteri panresisten ini menggambarkan suatu titik akhir yang mengkhawatirkan karena tidak tersedia pilihan terapi antibiotik yang rasional. Peningkatan kejadian resistensi antibiotik disertai penurunan produksi antibiotik baru sehingga diperlukan evaluasi dari kombinasi antibiotik yang sudah ada. Fosfomisin adalah antibiotik lama yang tidak memiliki resistensi silang dengan golongan antibiotik lain sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan interaksi yang sinergis terhadap bakteri resisten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui interaksi antibakteri in vitro kombinasi fosfomisin dan beberapa antibiotik lain, yaitu doripenem, moksifloksasin, kolistin dan amikasin terhadap kuman batang Gram negatif panresisten. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji kombinasi antibiotik menggunakan metode Etest terhadap 15 isolat kuman panresisten, yang terdiri dari Acinetobater baumanii (n=8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=5) dan Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=2). Interaksi yang terjadi dinilai berdasarkan indeks Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC), yaitu sinergi bila indeks FIC ≤ 0,5, indiferen bila indeks FIC 0,5 sampai 4, dan antagonis bila indeks FIC > 4. Isolat kuman berasal dari berbagai jenis spesimen yang diperiksakan di laboratorium otomasi RSUPNCM. Interaksi antibakteri in vitro yang terjadi terhadap isolat kuman A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, dan K. pneumoniae panresisten, baik dengan kombinasi fosfomisin dan amikasin, fosfomisin dan doripenem, fosfomisin dan moksifloksasin, serta fosfomisin dan kolistin pada semua isolat bersifat indiferen (100%). Tidak ditemukan interaksi yang bersifat sinergi atau antagonis.

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The evolving problem of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae has led to the emergence of clinical isolates to pandrug-resistant (PDR) isolates, i.e. resistant to all available antibiotics.The emergence of pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacteria represents a worrying endpoint in the development of antimicrobial resistance. The increased incidence of antibiotic resistance accompanied by decreased production of new antibiotics required the evaluation of combinations of existing antibiotics.

The aim of this study to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial interaction of combination fosfomycin with doripenem, amikacin, colistin and moxifloxacin against PDR Gram negative bacteria. We evaluated antibiotic combinatinons against 15 panresistant clinical isolates, which consisted of Acinetobater baumanii (n=8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=5) dan Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=2). The in vitro antibacterial interactions were evaluated by determination of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index. Synergy was defined as FIC index ≤ 0,5, indiferen as FIC index 0,5 to 4, and antagonism as FIC index > 4. The isolates were collected at RSUPNCM hospital from various clinical specimens.

The in vitro antibacterial interaction against A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae panresistant isolates, either with the combination of fosfomycin and amikacin, fosfomycin and doripenem, fosfomycin and moxifloxacin, as well as fosfomycin and colistin showed indifferent to all isolates (100%). No interaction was found synergistic or antagonistic."

"Penyakit ikan mengkhawatirkan para pembudidaya karena dapat menurunkan kualitas ikan dan ikan meningkatkan kematian ikan. Penyakit pada ikan bisa disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri dan stres oksidatif yang disebabkan oleh kontaminan di lingkungan. Senyawa dari tumbuhan seperti polifenol yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sekaligus antibakteri Patogen ikan sangat diminati sebagai pilihan alternatif untuk mengobati kedua penyakit tersebut.Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak metanol daun Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Coord.) Merr. terbukti mengandung senyawa polifenol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun 70% Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Coord.) Merr. yang diekstraksi menggunakan 2 metode berbeda yaitu maserasi dan UAE untuk membandingkan hasil tes, sekaligus mengerjakan penentuan kandungan fenolik total. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode tersebut DPPH dan FRAP, serta dilakukan uji antibakteri terhadap 3 bakteri patogen pada ikan, yaitu Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella ictaluri, dan Flavobacterium columnare menggunakan metode difusi cakram kertas dan mikrodilusi. Penentuan kandungan fenolik total dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu dan kadar fenol yang diekspresikan dalam EAG(Setara Asam Galat). Uji aktivitas antioksidan metode DPPH menunjukkan IC50 ekstrak dari metode maserasi 11,48 μg / mL dan 9,82 μg / mL dari UAE. Metode Nilai FRAP FeEAC ekstrak hasil maserasi 1,581,6 μmol / g dan ekstrak dari UAE sebesar 1.661,3 μmol / gr. Dalam metode difusi cakram kertas, diameter area hambat Ekstrak dari metode maserasi adalah 14 mm pada Aeromonas hydrophila, 9,7 mm pada Edwardsiella ictaluri, dan 13,3 mm di Flavobacterium columnare, sedangkan pada Metode UAE 17,3 mm di Aeromonas hydrophila, di Edwardsiella ictaluri dari 10,7 mm dan 13,8 mm di kolom Flavobacterium. Dalam metode mikrodilusi, ekstrak menunjukkan penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri pada ketiga bakteri tersebut patogen dengan MIC sebesar 781,25 µg / mL untuk diekstrak dari metode maserasi dan 390,6 μg / mL untuk ekstrak dari UAE. Dalam menentukan kandungan fenolik total dari ekstrak yang dimaserasi mengandung ekstrak 224,84 mgEAG / gr sedangkan ekstrak UEA mengandung 319,36 Ekstrak mgEAG / gr. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun 70% Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Coord.) Merr. memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri, dan ekstrak dari metode UAE memberikan aktivitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan metode maserasi.

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Fish disease worries farmers because it can reduce fish quality and fish increases fish mortality. Diseases in fish can be caused by bacterial infections and oxidative stress caused by contaminants in the environment. Compounds from plants such as polyphenols which have antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Fish pathogens are in great demand as an alternative option for treating both diseases.

Based on previous research, the methanol extract of the leaves of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Coord.) Merr. proven to contain polyphenol compounds. This study aims to test the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of leaves 70% Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Coord.) Merr. which was extracted using 2 methods different namely maceration and UAE to compare test results, as well as to determine the total phenolic content. Antioxidant activity tests were carried out using the DPPH and FRAP methods, and antibacterial tests were carried out against 3 pathogenic bacteria in fish, namely Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella ictaluri, and Flavobacterium columnare using paper disc diffusion and microdilution methods. Determination of the total phenolic content was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the phenol content expressed in EAG (Gallic Acid Equivalent). The DPPH antioxidant activity test showed that the IC50 extract from the maceration method was 11.48 μg / mL and 9.82 μg / mL from the UAE. Methods The value of the FRAP FeEAC extract from maceration results was 1.581.6 μmol / g and the extract from the UAE was 1.661.3 μmol / g. In the paper disc diffusion method, the diameter of the inhibitory area of ​​the extract from the maceration method was 14 mm in Aeromonas hydrophila, 9.7 mm in Edwardsiella ictaluri, and 13.3 mm in Flavobacterium columnare, whereas in the UAE method it was 17.3 mm in Aeromonas hydrophila, in Edwardsiella ictaluri from 10.7 mm and 13.8 mm in the Flavobacterium column. In the microdilution method, the extract showed inhibition of bacterial growth in the three pathogenic bacteria with an MIC of 781.25 µg / mL for extracting from the maceration method and 390.6 µg / mL for the extract from the UAE. In determining the total phenolic content of the macerated extract contained 224.84 mgEAG / gr extract while UEA extract contained 319.36 mgEAG / gr extract. From the research results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of the leaves of 70% Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Coord.) Merr. has antioxidant and antibacterial activity, and the extract from the UAE method provides better activity compared to the maceration method."

"Copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of 14-membered hexaazamacrocyclic ligand with C-methyl substituent have been synthesized by one-pot reaction and characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, electronic spectra, and LC-MS. Complex types are [Cu(C18H42N6)(ClO4)2] (1), [Ni(C18H42N6)](ClO4)2 (2), and [Cu(C22H50N6)(ClO4)2] (3). The results of spectroscopic techniques indicated that both complexes 1 and 3 containing copper(II) are octahedral geometry, whereas the complex 2 is a square-planar geometry in which the metal center coordinates to the four nitrogen atoms of macrocyclic ligand in a square planar fashion.All complexes were also screened for their antibacterial activity against on two bacteria strains. These results show that copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes were tested for antibacterial activity against gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus which was more active than the against gram negative, bacteria Escherichia coli.The results showed a good antibacterial activity of all complexes which suggests their potential applications as antibacterial agents."

"Kontaminasi makanan terhadap mikroorganisme, terutama bakteri merupakan penyebab terbesar terjadinya keracunan makanan. Agen antibakteri dengan kandungan senyawa alami menarik perhatian, salah satunya mikroalga. Namun, informasi mengenai potensi antibakteri dari mikroalga masih terpaku pada beberapa spesies. Oleh karena itu, skrining aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan untuk menemukan potensi dari spesies baru. Ekstraksi metabolit mikroalga secara bertingkat menggunakan n-heksan, etil asetat, dan etanol. Kemudian, pengujian dilakukan dengan metode resazurin reduction (RR)assay untuk menentukan aktivitas antibakteri dan Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS) Shimadzu GCMS-QP 2010 Ultra dengan fase diam Rtx-5MS untuk analisis senyawa aktif. Hasil menunjukkan isolat Chlorella vulgaris InaCC M205 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli InaCC B5 dan Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4, isolat Tetraselmis subcordiformis InaCC M206 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4 dan Bacillus cereus InaCC B9, serta isolat Nannochloropsis oceanica InaCC M207 juga dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4 dan Bacillus cereus InaCC B9. Kandungan senyawa aktif yang ditemukan berupa methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate, methyl cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoate, dan methyl cis-11,14,17-Icosatrienoate.

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Food contamination of microorganisms, especially bacteria is the biggest cause of food poisoning. Antibacterial agents with the content of natural compounds attract attention, one of which is microalgae. However, information regarding the antibacterial potential of microalgae is still fixated on some species. Therefore, screening of antibacterial activity is carried out in order to discover the potential of new species. Extraction of microalgae metabolites in a serial using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Then, testing was carried out using resazurin reduction (RR) assay method to determine antibacterial activity and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS) Shimadzu GCMS-QP 2010 Ultra with a stationary phase of Rtx-5MS for active compound analysis. The results showed that Chlorella vulgaris InaCC M205 inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli InaCC B5 and Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4, Tetraselmis subcordiformis InaCC M206 inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4 and Bacillus cereus InaCC B9, as well as Nannochloropsis oceanica InaCC M207 also inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4 and Bacillus cereus InaCC B9. The active compounds found are methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate, methyl cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoate, and methyl cis-11,14,17-Icosatrienoate."

"Sintesis senyawa fenolipid berbasis asam risinoleat telah dilakukan pada penelitian ini. Sebelum sintesis fenolipid, dilakukan metilasi terhadap asam risinoleat terlebih dahulu. Keberhasilan reaksi metilasi diuji dengan penentuan persen konversi dan identifikasi menggunakan instrumentasi FTIR. Keberhasilan metilasi ditunjukkan dengan hilangnya gugus O-H karboksilat pada produk metilasi yang berada pada bilangan gelombang 3200-2400 cm-1 dengan persen konversi sebesar 94%. Sintesis senyawa fenolipid dilakukan dengan mereaksikan metil ester hasil sintesis dengan asam galat, menggunakan katalis ZnCl2 pada suhu 70 – 80 oC. Kedua reaksi dilakukan selama 6 jam dalam sistem refluks. Rendemen senyawa fenolipid hasil sintesis adalah 70,7%. Hasil sintesis diidentifikasi menggunakan instrumentasi FTIR dan juga dilihat keberhasilannya menggunakan KLT. Campuran kloroform/metanol (93:7) digunakan sebagai eluen pada KLT yang menghasilkan perbedaan nilai Rf pada ketiga sampel yang diuji. Nilai Rf yang dimiliki oleh senyawa fenolipid hasil sintesis 0,84, nilai ini merupakan nilai terbesar, sehingga menunjukkan bahwa senyawa tersebut memiliki sifat paling nonpolar dibanding yang lain. Selanjutnya identifikasi FTIR menghasilkan pita serapan baru yang kuat pada bilangan gelombang 758,06 cm-1 yang mengindikasikan adanya gugus C-H aromatik (tekuk) pada produk hasil sintesis yang mengindikasikan keberhasilan dari proses sintesis yang dilakukan. Uji aktivitas antioksidan senyawa fenolipid dengan metode DPPH menunjukkan nilai persen inhibisi dengan kisaran 30-33%. Uji emulsifier senyawa fenolipid hasil sintesis menunjukkan kestabilan emulsi yang cukup baik pada pengamatan hingga 24 jam, dengan tipe emulsi yang terbentuk yaitu air dalam minyak (W/O). Selain itu, dilakukan analisis potensi antibakteri senyawa fenolipid terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermidis.

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Synthesis of phenolipid compounds based on ricinoleic acid has been carried out in this study. Before phenolipid synthesis, methylation of ricinoleic acid is carried out first. The success of the methylation reaction was tested by determining percent conversion and identification using FTIR instrumentation. The success of methylation is shown by the loss of the carboxylic O-H group in the methylation product which is at wave number 3200-2400 cm-1 with a conversion percentage of 94%. Synthesis of phenolipid compounds was carried out by reacting the synthesized methyl esters with gallic acid, using a ZnCl2 catalyst at 70-80 oC. Both reactions are carried out for 6 hours in the reflux system. The yield of synthesized phenolipid compounds is 70.7%. The synthesis results were identified using FTIR instrumentation and seen its success using TLC. A mixture of chloroform/methanol (93: 7) was used as an eluent in TLC which resulted in different Rf values in the three samples tested. The Rf value owned by the synthesized phenolipid compound is 0.84, this value is the largest value, thus indicating that the compound has the most nonpolar properties compared to the others. Furthermore, identification of FTIR produced a strong new absorption band at wave number 758.06 cm-1 indicating the presence of aromatic C-H groups (bending) on the synthesized product which indicated the success of the synthesis process carried out. The antioxidant activity test of phenolipid compounds with DPPH method showed a value of percent inhibition in the range of 30-33%. The emulsifier test of the phenolipid compound synthesized showed the stability of the emulsion was quite good at observations of up to 24 hours, with the type of emulsion formed, namely water in oil (W / O). In addition, an analysis of the antibacterial potential of phenolipid compounds against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis was carried out."