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"In this comperhensive analytical overview, the author pays particular attention to the changing structure of China's employment towards more private-sector jobs in urban areas; its rising wages and widening earnings inequality; the persistence of labour shortage and rural labour surplus; its more market-oriented wage structure, albeit wit segmentation beetwen firm ownership types; its relatively low unemployment; and the relatively weak role of its traditional labour market institutions, including minimum wages and trade unions. the aim is to contribute to the development of more suitable, China-specific theoretical models and sound policy analysis."

"This paper examines the impact of supply-demand balance in the labor market on the recent ongoing trend toward marriage avoidance in Japan, incorporatingreviews of previous studies. From a theoretical standpoint, declining income and wages could be seen either as encouraging or as discouraging marriage, but according to empirical analyses inprevious studies of Japanese marriage behavior, for men in particular regular employment with high earning potential appears to have the effect of encouraging marriage, and being hired as a regular employee immediately upon graduation appears correlated with younger marriage ages. For women, as well, some previous studies have found a positive correlation between being hired as a regular employee immediately upon graduation and getting married younger. It follows that the decline in hiring of young people as regular employees, as a result of economic stagnation, may be one of the causes of the recent trend toward marriage avoidance."

"Dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif dari data IFLS5 dan metode tambahan dengan melakukan wawancara lapangan di Desa Pelumutan, studi ini menguji efek pola perkawinan terhadap partisipasi kerja perempuan dan efek tingkat pendidikan terhadap jam kerja di kelompok perempuan yang melakukan perkawinan asortatif dalam aspek pendidikan. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa perempuan yang memiliki suami dengan tingkat pendidikan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dirinya secara signifikan mengurangi probabilitasnya untuk masuk ke pasar kerja sebesar 3,0 persen hingga 3,4 persen, sebaliknya perempuan yang tingkat pendidikannya lebih tinggi dibanding suaminya memiliki probabilitas 3.7 hingga 4.1 persen lebih tinggi dibandingkan perempuan yang melakukan perkawinan asortatif dalam aspek pendidikan, ceteris paribus. Selain itu dalam kelompok responden yang melakukan perkawinan asortatif, peningkatan satu tahun sekolah akan mengurangi jam kerja sebesar 0.86 jam. Hasil wawancara lapangan menunjukkan bahwa jam kerja juga ditentukan berdasarkan sektor ekonomi dari pekerjaan yang dilakukan responden.

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Using quantitative method on IFLS5 data and the additional method by field interview in Pelumutan Village, the study examines how marriage pattern affects female labor participation and how educational attainment affects women rsquo s working hour in an educational assortative mating group. The study shows that women who ldquo marry up rdquo are less likely to participate in labor force by about 3.0 percent to 3.4 percent, while women who ldquo marry down rdquo are more likely to participate by about 3.7 percent to 4.1 percent than those who are married as educational assortative mating, ceteris paribus. Moreover, only in an educational assortative mating group, increasing one year of schooling would decrease women rsquo s working hour by 0.86 hour, ceteris paribus. The field interview shows that the working hour is also differs by the economic sector in respondent rsquo's job."