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"ABSTRAKProduk yang dihasilkan oleh pabrik akan didistribusikan ke pengecermelalui distributor. Sehingga perlu ditentukan strategi terbaik untukmendistribusikan produk dari pabrik ke distributor dan dari distributor kepelanggan sesuai kebutuhan pelanggan. Masalah pendistribusian produk inimerupakan bagian dari masalah pengelolaan rantai pasokan.Pada tesis ini dibahas pengelolaan rantai pasokan yang terdiri dua tahap.Pertama, tahap dimana produk yang dihasilkan pabrik didistribusikan kedistributor. Kedua, tahap dimana distributor mendistribusikan produk kepengecer. Untuk menentukan penyelesaian pada setiap tahap digunakan metodetransportasi. Selanjutnya untuk mencari penyelesaian secara keseluruhan dapatdigunakan prinsip keoptimuman Bellman. Solusi optimal secara keseluruhanmerupakan gabungan dari solusi optimal setiap tahap.

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AbstractProducts that produced by a manufacturers are to be distributed to retailerthrough distributor. It is necessary to establish a best strategy to distribute theproduct from the manufacturer to the distributor and from the distributor tocustomer in line with customer?s need. Product distribution problem is apparentlya part of the management of supply chain problem.In this thesis, it is described the management of supply chain which canbe divided into two phases. The first phase is how the products produced bymanufacturer are distributed to ditributors. The second phase is how thedistributor distributes the products to retailers. To solve the problem in eachphace, the transportation method is used futhermore, to fine the solution of theentire phases. Bellman Optimizing Principle is adopted. The optimal solutionofthe whole problem is the combination of the optimal solution of each phase."

"Sentul City merupakan kawasan hunian dan komersial yang cukup ramai di Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat. Jumlah penduduk dan rumah tangga pada kawasan ini terus meningkat setiap tahunnya sehingga kebutuhan energinya pun terus bertambah. Penggunaan gas alam, dalam hal ini gas kota, dapat menjadi alternatif energi yang memiliki banyak kelebihan apabila dibandingkan dengan LPG. Dibandingkan dengan LPG, gas kota lebih murah, ketersediaannya melimpah, dan ramah lingkungan. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gas sejumlah 4.299.840 m³/tahun di kawasan ini, dibutuhkan pembangunan jaringan pipa distribusi sepanjang 36.196 m dengan kombinasi Pipa MDPE 80 SDR 11 Ø 125mm digunakan sebagai pipa utama serta Pipa MDPE 80 SDR 11 Ø 90mm dan pipa MDPE 80 SDR 11 Ø 63mm digunakan untuk pipa pada cluster perumahan dan area komersial menuju muka bangunan pelanggan. Harga jual gas yang layak untuk proyek ini adalah Rp4.950 untuk pelanggan rumah tangga dan Rp6.000 untuk pelanggan komersial. Dengan begitu, proyek dikatakan layak karena memperoleh nilai NPV sebesar Rp3.962.490.849, IRR sebesar 12,85%, dan PBP selama 7,43 tahun.

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Sentul City is a densely residential and commercial area in Bogor Regency, West Java. The number of residents and households in this area continues to increase every year, increasing the area's energy demand. Natural gas, in this case city gas, can be used as an alternative energy source which has many advantages. Compared to LPG, city gas is cheaper, abundantly available, and environmentally friendly. To meet the gas demand of 4,299,840 m³/year in this area, it required to build a distribution pipeline network of 36,196 m long with a combination of MDPE Pipe 80 SDR 11 Ø 125mm used as the main pipe also MDPE Pipe 80 SDR 11 Ø 90mm and MDPE Pipe 80 SDR 11 Ø 63mm are used for pipes in residential clusters and commercial areas to the customer's building facade. The proper selling price of gas for this project is Rp4,950 for household customers and Rp6,000 for commercial customers. That way, the project is said to be feasible because it has an NPV value of Rp. 3,962,490,849, an IRR of 12.85%, and a PBP of 7.43 years."

"Transportasi merupakan salah satu bagian penting dari sistem logistik, tetapi sektor transportasi juga merupakan salah satu konsumen bahan bakar terbesar dan penyumbang sebagian besar polutan di dunia. Berdasarkan studi ketiga dari IMO pertumbuhan emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) berpotensi meningkat secara signifikan di tahun 2050 yang utamanya dikarenakan pertumbuhan perdagangan maritim dunia. Lebih dari 80% kegiatan pendistribusian produk Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) dalam rantai bisnis PT. Pertamina (Persero) didukung melalui transportasi maritim, khususnya kawasan Indonesia bagian timur yang terdiri dari banyak kepulauan. Pengendalian emisi GRK dalam tranportasi maritim dapat dilakukan salah satunya melalui pengelolaan rute distribusi logistik.Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan optimasi biaya transportasi dan emisi GRK pada sistem depot majemuk dengan armada transportasi kapal yang heterogen untuk diaplikasikan pada kasus distribusi logistik produk Premium, Kerosene dan Solar di Wilayah Distribusi Niaga III dimana sumber pasokan berasal dari kilang Pertamina yang berlokasi di Balikpapan dan Kasim (RU V dan VII). Komputasi penyelesaian model optimasi menggunakan piranti lunak AIMMS versi 4.74 dengan solver CPLEX versi 12.9 untuk mendapatkan rute distribusi logistik terbaik dengan meminimalkan biaya transportasi dan emisi GRK yang dihasilkan oleh infrastruktur transportasi.Hasil optimasi skenario Z1, Z2 dan MOO untuk biaya transportasi secara berurutan diperoleh sebesar 0,05, 0,078 dan 0,062 USD/kL-km dan intensitas emisi CO2 sebesar 9,16, 4,48 dan 4,62 gr-CO2/kL-km. Hasil dari optimasi multi tujuan dapat memberikan rute distribusi logistik yang optimal dengan meminimumkan biaya transportasi dan emisi CO2 secara bersamaan.

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Transportation is an important part of the logistics system, but the transportation sector is also one of the largest fuel consumers and contributors to the majority of pollutants in the world. Based on the third study of IMO, Green House Gas (GHG) emission growth has the potential to increase significantly in 2050 mainly due to the growth of world maritime trade. More than 80% of the distribution activities of fuel products in the business chain of PT. Pertamina (Persero) is supported through maritime transportation, especially the Eastern Indonesia Region which consists of many islands. One of the ways to control GHG emissions in maritime transportation is by managing logistics distribution routes.

This research carried out an optimization of transportation costs and GHG emissions on a multi-depot system with a heterogeneous ship transportation fleet to be applied to the logistics distribution of Gasoline, Kerosene and Diesel products in the Commercial Distribution Region III where the source of supply comes from the Pertamina Refinery located in Balikpapan and Sorong (RU V and VII). The computational model solution used in this study uses AIMMS version 4.74 software with the CPLEX solver version 12.9 to get the best logistics distribution route by minimizing transportation costs and GHG emissions generated by transportation infrastructure. Z1, Z2 and MOO scenario optimization results for transportation costs are respectively obtained by 0.05, 0.078 and 0.062 USD/kL-km and CO2 emission intensities of 9.16, 4.48 and 4.62 gr-CO2/kL-km.

The results of multi-purpose optimization can provide optimal logistics distribution routes by minimizing transportation costs and CO2 emissions simultaneously."

"PDAM Tirta Kahuripan cabang pelayanan 2 mengalami kehilangan air sebesar 15,39% pada bulan oktober 2014. Untuk meningkatkan pelayanan distribusi air bersih, diperlukan sebuah langkah pengoptimalan kinerja jaringan distribusi berupa pemeriksaan kecepatan aliran air dalam pipa dan tekanan pada setiap junction pada jaringan distribusi. Adapun kriteria desain yang menjadi acuan dalam mengoptimalkan kinerja jaringan distribusi yaitu kecepatan dalam pipa tidak boleh kurang dari 0,15 m/dt dan tidak boleh lebih dari 1,5 m/dt serta tekanan air yang ideal adalah tidak kurang dari 10 m dan tidak lebih dari 80 m. Hasil evaluasi dari penelitian ini menemukan permasalahan kecepatan aliran air dalam pipa, yaitu terdapat kecepatan aliran air yang nilainya dibawah 0,15 m/dt dan diatas 1,5 m/dt. Sedangkan nilai tekanan pada setiap junction telah memenuhi kriteria desain, dengan nilai tekanan yang terendah sebesar 26,55 m dan nilai tekanan yang tertinggi sebesar 61,84 m. Hasil evaluasi ini menjadi bahan pertimbangan dalam mengoptimalkan kinerja jaringan distribusi air bersih dengan menggunakan aplikasi EPANET 2.0 dan WaterGEMS. Pengoptimalan kinerja jaringan distribusi dilakukan dengan cara mengganti diameter dan material pipa. Setelah dilakukan 4 penggantian pipa yang diameternya diperbesar dan 9 penggantian pipa yang diameternya diperkecil.

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PDAM Tirta Kahuripan service branch 2 experienced water loss by 15.39% in October 2014. In order to improve the water distribution services, needed a distribution network performance optimization step of the examination of water in the pipe flow velocity and pressure at every junction in the distribution network. The criteria for the reference design in optimizing the performance of the distribution network that the speed in the pipe should not be less than 0.15 m / s and should not be more than 1.5 m / s and the ideal water pressure is not less than 10 m and not more of 80 m. Results of the evaluation of the study found the problem of water flow velocity in the pipe, which contained water flow velocity value is less than 0.15 m / s and above 1.5 m / s. While the value of pressure at each junction has met the design criteria, the lowest pressure value amounted 26.55 m and the highest pressure value amounted to 61.84 m. The results of this evaluation into consideration in optimizing the performance of water distribution networks using EPANET 2.0 and WaterGEMS application. Distribution network performance optimization is done by replacing the pipe diameter and material. After 4 replacement pipe whose diameter is enlarged and 9 replacement pipe whose diameter is reduced."

"Sistem transportasi pada kota besar seperti Jakarta berkembang seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk. Salah satu transportasi di Jakarta yang dianggap dapat mengatasi masalah kemacetan adalah Transjakarta. Untuk dapat melayani calon penumpangnya terutama pada waktu sibuk maka perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui karakteristik penumpang. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan membuat model simulasi yang dijalankan pada berbagai skenario. Hasil simulasi pada skenario yang dibuat menggambarkan bahwa dengan peningkatan pelayanan yang relatif kecil dapat berdampak besar terhadap kualitas pelayanan.

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Transportation system in a big city such as Jakarta grows corresponding to the growth of its population. Transjakarta is one of the transportation systems in Jakarta that expected to lessen the level of congestion. In order to be able to serve the passengers during peak time, the project needs to have a research to find out the passenger characteristics. It can be conducted by making model simulation that runs on different scenarios. The simulation results illustrate that with a relatively small increase in services could have a major impact on quality of service."

"[ABSTRAKPembangunan Jaringan Distribusi Gas Bumi untuk Rumah Tangga (JGRT) adalahsalah satu program Pemerintah untuk memperbanyak penggunaan gas bumi.Program JGRT dilaksanakan di 24 kota di seluruh Indonesia dengan sasaransebanyak 80.000 rumah tangga. Salah satu kota yang terpilih adalah Kota Depok.Pembangunan JGRT Kota Depok diberikan terhadap 4000 rumah tangga diKelurahan Beji dan Beji Timur pada tahun 2010. Namun hingga saat ini belumpernah dilakukan evaluasi terhadap pelaksanaan program tersebut.Penelitian ini mencoba mengevaluasi pencapaian outcomes programpembangunan JGRT di Kota Depok. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatansurvei dengan jumlah responden 150 rumah tangga yang dipilih dengan metodeproportional random sampling. Analisis dilakukan dengan cara deskriptifkuantitatif.Berdasarkan analisis diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa jumlah penerima program yangberalih menggunakan gas bumi dari LPG tabung sebesar 93,45%. Konsumsi gasbumi dari penerima program dapat menggantikan 11.439 tabung LPG 3kg dan1.120 LPG 12kg per bulan. Jumlah tersebut hanya 0,85% dari total rumah tanggadan total konsumsi LPG 3kg dan 12kg per bulan di Kota Depok. Penghematansubsidi yang telah didapatkan Pemerintah sejak bulan Juni tahun 2011 sampaidengan Desember tahun 2013 sebesar 8,2 miliar rupiah. Analisis persepsiresponden terhadap penggunaan gas bumi disimpulkan bahwa gas bumi terbuktilebih murah, lebih aman, dan lebih praktis dibandingkan LPG 3kg dan 12kg.Hambatan program JGRT Kota Depok adalah belum adanya pengembanganJGRT ke wilayah lain di Kota Depok.

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ABSTRAKThe Development of Natural Gas Distribution Network for Household (JGRT) isone of the Government of Indonesia's programs to increase the use of natural gas.JGRT program is implemented in 24 cities across Indonesia with a target of80,000 households, including Depok as one of the pilot. The JGRT Depokdevelopment was applied to 4000 households in Beji and East Beji Village in2010. However, an evaluation of the implementation of the program has neverbeen conducted until today.This study is focused on evaluating the achievement of the program outcomes ofthe JGRT in Depok. The study was conducted by using the survey approach with150 households selected as respondents. The respondents? selection process wasdone by using proportional random sampling method, while the analysis wasconducted by using descriptive quantitative method.Based on the above analysis, it is concluded that the number of beneficiaries whopreviously use the LPG tubes and switch to use the natural gas is 93.45% of allsurveyed beneficiaries. The amount of gas consumption can substitute 11,439tubes of LPG 3kg and 1,120 tubes of LPG 12kg per month. This figure represents0.85% of the total households in Depok and total monthly of 3kg and 12kg LPGconsumption in Depok. Government subsidies which have been saved since Juneof 2011 until December of 2013 amounted to 8.2 billion Rupiah. Based on theanalysis of respondent?s perceptions of the use of natural gas, it is concluded thatthe natural gas is proven to be cheaper, safer and more practical compared to LPG3kg and 12kg. The barriers of the JGRT program in Depok is the lack ofdevelopment JGRT to other areas in Depok.;The Development of Natural Gas Distribution Network for Household (JGRT) isone of the Government of Indonesia's programs to increase the use of natural gas.JGRT program is implemented in 24 cities across Indonesia with a target of80,000 households, including Depok as one of the pilot. The JGRT Depokdevelopment was applied to 4000 households in Beji and East Beji Village in2010. However, an evaluation of the implementation of the program has neverbeen conducted until today.This study is focused on evaluating the achievement of the program outcomes ofthe JGRT in Depok. The study was conducted by using the survey approach with150 households selected as respondents. The respondents? selection process wasdone by using proportional random sampling method, while the analysis wasconducted by using descriptive quantitative method.Based on the above analysis, it is concluded that the number of beneficiaries whopreviously use the LPG tubes and switch to use the natural gas is 93.45% of allsurveyed beneficiaries. The amount of gas consumption can substitute 11,439tubes of LPG 3kg and 1,120 tubes of LPG 12kg per month. This figure represents0.85% of the total households in Depok and total monthly of 3kg and 12kg LPGconsumption in Depok. Government subsidies which have been saved since Juneof 2011 until December of 2013 amounted to 8.2 billion Rupiah. Based on theanalysis of respondent?s perceptions of the use of natural gas, it is concluded thatthe natural gas is proven to be cheaper, safer and more practical compared to LPG3kg and 12kg. The barriers of the JGRT program in Depok is the lack ofdevelopment JGRT to other areas in Depok.;The Development of Natural Gas Distribution Network for Household (JGRT) isone of the Government of Indonesia's programs to increase the use of natural gas.JGRT program is implemented in 24 cities across Indonesia with a target of80,000 households, including Depok as one of the pilot. The JGRT Depokdevelopment was applied to 4000 households in Beji and East Beji Village in2010. However, an evaluation of the implementation of the program has neverbeen conducted until today.This study is focused on evaluating the achievement of the program outcomes ofthe JGRT in Depok. The study was conducted by using the survey approach with150 households selected as respondents. The respondents’ selection process wasdone by using proportional random sampling method, while the analysis wasconducted by using descriptive quantitative method.Based on the above analysis, it is concluded that the number of beneficiaries whopreviously use the LPG tubes and switch to use the natural gas is 93.45% of allsurveyed beneficiaries. The amount of gas consumption can substitute 11,439tubes of LPG 3kg and 1,120 tubes of LPG 12kg per month. This figure represents0.85% of the total households in Depok and total monthly of 3kg and 12kg LPGconsumption in Depok. Government subsidies which have been saved since Juneof 2011 until December of 2013 amounted to 8.2 billion Rupiah. Based on theanalysis of respondent’s perceptions of the use of natural gas, it is concluded thatthe natural gas is proven to be cheaper, safer and more practical compared to LPG3kg and 12kg. The barriers of the JGRT program in Depok is the lack ofdevelopment JGRT to other areas in Depok., The Development of Natural Gas Distribution Network for Household (JGRT) isone of the Government of Indonesia's programs to increase the use of natural gas.JGRT program is implemented in 24 cities across Indonesia with a target of80,000 households, including Depok as one of the pilot. The JGRT Depokdevelopment was applied to 4000 households in Beji and East Beji Village in2010. However, an evaluation of the implementation of the program has neverbeen conducted until today.This study is focused on evaluating the achievement of the program outcomes ofthe JGRT in Depok. The study was conducted by using the survey approach with150 households selected as respondents. The respondents’ selection process wasdone by using proportional random sampling method, while the analysis wasconducted by using descriptive quantitative method.Based on the above analysis, it is concluded that the number of beneficiaries whopreviously use the LPG tubes and switch to use the natural gas is 93.45% of allsurveyed beneficiaries. The amount of gas consumption can substitute 11,439tubes of LPG 3kg and 1,120 tubes of LPG 12kg per month. This figure represents0.85% of the total households in Depok and total monthly of 3kg and 12kg LPGconsumption in Depok. Government subsidies which have been saved since Juneof 2011 until December of 2013 amounted to 8.2 billion Rupiah. Based on theanalysis of respondent’s perceptions of the use of natural gas, it is concluded thatthe natural gas is proven to be cheaper, safer and more practical compared to LPG3kg and 12kg. The barriers of the JGRT program in Depok is the lack ofdevelopment JGRT to other areas in Depok.]"

"This book contains selected peer-reviewed papers that were presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Transportation Network Reliability (INSTR) Conference held at the University of Minnesota July 22-23, 2010. International scholars, from a variety of disciplines, engineering, economics, geography, planning and transportation, offer varying perspectives on modeling and analysis of the reliability of transportation networks in order to illustrate both vulnerability to day-to-day and unpredictability variability and risk in travel, and demonstrates strategies for addressing those issues. The scope of the chapters includes all aspects of analysis and design to improve network reliability, specifically user perception of unreliability of public transport, public policy and reliability of travel times, the valuation and economics of reliability, network reliability modeling and estimation, travel behavior and vehicle routing under uncertainty, and risk evaluation and management for transportation networks. The book combines new methodologies and state of the art practice to model and address questions of network unreliability."

"[Jaringan jalan adalah faktor paling penting yang membentuk suatu kota. Jaringan transportasi dan penggunaan tanah merupakan bagian elemen dinamis dari sebuah sistem kota. Perubahan penggunaan tanah dapat dipicu oleh peningkatan jaringan jalan. Perubahan penggunaan tanah merupakan masalah serius karena dapat mengganggu keseimbangan yang ada di alam. Perubahan tutupan lahan dapat mencerminkan perubahan penggunaan tanah yang ada di permukaan bumi. Maka diperlukan penelitian tentang pengaruh perubahan konektivitas jaringan jalan terhadap tutupan lahan. Untuk melihat konektivitas jaringan dilakukan penghitungan indeks alfa, beta, dan gamma planar. Untuk melihat pola perubahan konektivitas yang terjadi dilakukan dengan membandingkan perubahan indeks konektivitas terhadap jarak dari pusat utama dan ketersediaan jalan utama. Nilai perubahan indeks konektivitas dan perubahan tutupan lahan dilakukan uji korelasi untuk melihat apakah ada hubungan antara keduanya. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa baik di dekat atau jauh dari pusat kegiatan, perubahan konektivitas tidak menunjukkan pengaruhnya terhadap perubahan tutupan lahan yang terjadi, karena hubungan statistik keduanya tidak signifikan., Road network is the most important elements shaping an urban area. Transportation network and landuse are part of dynamic element of urban system. Landuse change triggered by road network development, mainly caused by accesbility. Landuse change is a serious problem, affecting natural balance. Land cover changes may reflect changes in land use in the earth’s surface. Thus, study about effect of connectivity change on landuse change is important to do. Alpha, beta, and gamma planar indices used to calculate connectivity change. Connectivity change pattern identified by using distance from urban center and national or provincial road network availability. Connectivity change indices and land cover change analysed by statistical correlation to conclude correlation between them. This study shows that either near or far from urban centers, connectivity changes showed no influence on land cover changes, because the correlation between the two variables was not statistically significant]"