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"Counter electrode berbasis carbon nanotube (CNT) dengan metode spray- coating untuk aplikasi sel surya dye-sensitized telah dikembangkan. Larutan CNT di-spray di atas substrat TCO dengan menggunakan spray gun. Counter electrode dibuat 4 variasi spraying: 10x, 15x, 25x, dan 55x. Karakteristik I-V dan efisiensi sel dipengaruhi oleh ketebalan lapisan, luas area sentuh counter electrode dengan elektrolit, transmitans, dan sheet resistance counter electrode. Karakteristik I-V dan efisiensi sel terbesar didapat pada counter electrode dengan spraying CNT sebanyak 55x. Efisiensi sel terbaik hasil penelitian sebesar 1,90 %.

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Counter electrode based on carbon nanotube (CNT) by using spray-coating method for dye-sensitized solar cells have been successfully developed. CNT solution was sprayed on TCO substrate by using a spray gun. Counter electrode was made 4 variations of spraying: 10, 15, 25, and 55 times. The I-V characteristics and cell efficiency are influenced by thickness, touch area counter electrode with the electrolyte, transmittance, and sheet resistance of the counter electrode. The best I-V characteristics and efficiency of cells were obtained on 55 times of spraying of CNT counter electrode. The best efficiency of cells is about 1.90 %."

"[Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) dalam konfigurasi tabung telah berhasil dibuat. DSSC dirakit menggunakan Inner Wall Conductive Glass Tube (IWCGT) yang mengandung SnO2-F (Fluorine Tin Oxide) sebagai lapisan konduktif. IWCGT dipreparasi menggunakan tehnik penguapan dan spray nebulizer, menghasilkan kaca transparan berpenghantar yang memiliki hambatan jenis antara 11-80 Ω/cm2.Sol TiO2 dilapiskan pada IWCGT dengan tehnik dip coating, dilanjutkan dengan kalsinasi pada suhu 500° C dan 550° C. Terhadap TiO2 hasil sintesis dilakukan karakterisasi menggunakan UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometry (DRS), Xray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) dan spektrofotometerRaman. Lapisan tipis yang diimobilisasi pada IWCGT dikarakterisasi menggunakan Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) dan sistem elektrokimia. Berdasar spektrum UV-Vis dapat diketahui TiO2 yang dihasilkan memiliki energi celah (band gap) sebesar 3,01 dan 3,04 eV. Hasil pengukuran spektroskopi Raman dan XRD menunjukkan bahwa film yang dihasilkan didominasi oleh TiO2 dalam bentuk anatase dan mempunyai ukuran kristal sebesar 9,79 nm (kalsinasi pada suhu 500° C) dan 10,59 nm (kalsinasi pada suhu 550° C). Hasil FE-SEM menunjukkan bahwa lapisan TiO2 yang dipreparasi dengan bantuan template PEG memiliki ketebalan sebesar 496,56 nm. Sistem DSSC dalam konfigurasi tabung yang disiapkan dengan menggunakan TiO2 dan zat warna Rhodamin B, Klorofil dan campuran keduanya mampu menghasilkan efisiensi (η) antara 0,03 – 0,91%.;Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) dalam konfigurasi tabung telah berhasil dibuat. DSSC dirakit menggunakan Inner Wall Conductive Glass Tube (IWCGT) yang mengandung SnO2-F (Fluorine Tin Oxide) sebagai lapisan konduktif. IWCGT dipreparasi menggunakan tehnik penguapan dan spray nebulizer, menghasilkan kaca transparan berpenghantar yang memiliki hambatan jenis antara 11-80 Ω/cm2.Sol TiO2 dilapiskan pada IWCGT dengan tehnik dip coating, dilanjutkan dengan kalsinasi pada suhu 500° C dan 550° C. Terhadap TiO2 hasil sintesis dilakukan karakterisasi menggunakan UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometry (DRS), Xray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) dan spektrofotometerRaman. Lapisan tipis yang diimobilisasi pada IWCGT dikarakterisasi menggunakan Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) dan sistem elektrokimia. Berdasar spektrum UV-Vis dapat diketahui TiO2 yang dihasilkan memiliki energi celah (band gap) sebesar 3,01 dan 3,04 eV. Hasil pengukuran spektroskopi Raman dan XRD menunjukkan bahwa film yang dihasilkan didominasi oleh TiO2 dalam bentuk anatase dan mempunyai ukuran kristal sebesar 9,79 nm (kalsinasi pada suhu 500° C) dan 10,59 nm (kalsinasi pada suhu 550° C). Hasil FE-SEM menunjukkan bahwa lapisan TiO2 yang dipreparasi dengan bantuan template PEG memiliki ketebalan sebesar 496,56 nm. Sistem DSSC dalam konfigurasi tabung yang disiapkan dengan menggunakan TiO2 dan zat warna Rhodamin B, Klorofil dan campuran keduanya mampu menghasilkan efisiensi (η) antara 0,03 – 0,91%.

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A dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) having tube geometry has been successfully constructed. The DSSC employ an Inner Wall Conductive Glass Tube (IWCGT) containing SnO2-F (Fluorine Tin Oxide) as conductive layer, which was prepared by evaporation and spray nebulizer method. The IWGCT has a transparent

conductive oxide with high optical transmittance and low sheet resistance, that is 11-80 Ω/cm2. TiO2 film, immobilized on the IWCGT, was successfully prepared by a dip-coating technique from titania sol-gel, followed by heat treatment at 500° C and 550° C. The TiO2 was characterized by diffuse reflectance UV-Vis

spectroscopy and XRD, photoelectrochemical system (PES) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Characterization results indicated that the prepared TiO2 has band gap of 3,01 and 3,04 eV (DRS UV-Vis); predominantly by anatase phase (XRD and Raman); having crystallite size of

9.79 nm (at 500° C calcinations) and 10.59 nm (at 550° C calcinations), and having 496,56 nm film thickness. By employing rhodamine B, chlorophyll and its mixture, as the dyes, the tubular DSSC reached efficiency (η) in the range of 0.03 to 0.91 %.;A dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) having tube geometry has been successfully

constructed. The DSSC employ an Inner Wall Conductive Glass Tube (IWCGT)

containing SnO2-F (Fluorine Tin Oxide) as conductive layer, which was prepared

by evaporation and spray nebulizer method. The IWGCT has a transparent

conductive oxide with high optical transmittance and low sheet resistance, that is

11-80 Ω/cm2. TiO2 film, immobilized on the IWCGT, was successfully prepared

by a dip-coating technique from titania sol-gel, followed by heat treatment at

500° C and 550° C. The TiO2 was characterized by diffuse reflectance UV-Vis

spectroscopy and XRD, photoelectrochemical system (PES) and field emission

scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Characterization results indicated that

the prepared TiO2 has band gap of 3,01 and 3,04 eV (DRS UV-Vis);

predominantly by anatase phase (XRD and Raman); having crystallite size of

9.79 nm (at 500° C calcinations) and 10.59 nm (at 550° C calcinations), and

having 496,56 nm film thickness. By employing rhodamine B, chlorophyll and its

mixture, as the dyes, the tubular DSSC reached efficiency (η) in the range of

0.03 to 0.91 %.;A dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) having tube geometry has been successfully

constructed. The DSSC employ an Inner Wall Conductive Glass Tube (IWCGT)

containing SnO2-F (Fluorine Tin Oxide) as conductive layer, which was prepared

by evaporation and spray nebulizer method. The IWGCT has a transparent

conductive oxide with high optical transmittance and low sheet resistance, that is

11-80 Ω/cm2. TiO2 film, immobilized on the IWCGT, was successfully prepared

by a dip-coating technique from titania sol-gel, followed by heat treatment at

500° C and 550° C. The TiO2 was characterized by diffuse reflectance UV-Vis

spectroscopy and XRD, photoelectrochemical system (PES) and field emission

scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Characterization results indicated that

the prepared TiO2 has band gap of 3,01 and 3,04 eV (DRS UV-Vis);

predominantly by anatase phase (XRD and Raman); having crystallite size of

9.79 nm (at 500° C calcinations) and 10.59 nm (at 550° C calcinations), and

having 496,56 nm film thickness. By employing rhodamine B, chlorophyll and its

mixture, as the dyes, the tubular DSSC reached efficiency (η) in the range of

0.03 to 0.91 %., A dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) having tube geometry has been successfully

constructed. The DSSC employ an Inner Wall Conductive Glass Tube (IWCGT)

containing SnO2-F (Fluorine Tin Oxide) as conductive layer, which was prepared

by evaporation and spray nebulizer method. The IWGCT has a transparent

conductive oxide with high optical transmittance and low sheet resistance, that is

11-80 Ω/cm2. TiO2 film, immobilized on the IWCGT, was successfully prepared

by a dip-coating technique from titania sol-gel, followed by heat treatment at

500° C and 550° C. The TiO2 was characterized by diffuse reflectance UV-Vis

spectroscopy and XRD, photoelectrochemical system (PES) and field emission

scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Characterization results indicated that

the prepared TiO2 has band gap of 3,01 and 3,04 eV (DRS UV-Vis);

predominantly by anatase phase (XRD and Raman); having crystallite size of

9.79 nm (at 500° C calcinations) and 10.59 nm (at 550° C calcinations), and

having 496,56 nm film thickness. By employing rhodamine B, chlorophyll and its

mixture, as the dyes, the tubular DSSC reached efficiency (η) in the range of

0.03 to 0.91 %.]"

"Sel surya tersensitisasi-pewarna merupakan jenis sel surya yang dapat menjadi alternatif sumber energi yang murah dan mudah dibuat. Prinsip kerjanya relative berbeda dengan sel surya yang sudah dikenal saat ini. Pada penelitian ini, akan dibuat sel surya tersensitisasi-pewarna yang berbasis seng oksida/titanium dioksida (ZnO/TiO2). Diberikan kepada ZnO 0,5 gram TiO2 yang disintesis dari proses sol-gel dengan rasio hidrolisis (Rw) 0,85, 2,2, dan 3,5. TiO2 tersebut sebagian diproses dengan cara hidrotermal. Diamati bahwa dengan Rw: yang meningkat menghasilkan tegangan terbuka (Voc) yang lebih besar; hidrotermal meningkatkan ukuran kristalit, serta meningkatkan tegangan sampai batas tertentu, dan; TiO2 yang diproses hidrotermal mengalami kecenderungan penurunan Voc pada Rw yang meningkat.

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Dye-sensitised Solar cell is a solar cell that may become a cheap and easily manufactured alternative energy source. The principle is relatively different with the common solar cells. In this research, the solar cells to be made is based on zinc oxide/titanium dioxide (ZnO/TiO2). The ZnO is loaded with 0.5 grams of TiO2 synthesized from a separate sol-gel reaction with the hydrolysis ratio (Rw) of 0.85, 2.2, and 3.5. Some of those TiO2 is later hydrothermally processed. It is observed that the increase of Rw improves the open circuit voltage (Voc); the hydrothermal process improve the crystallite size, and improve the Voc up to certain extent and; Hydrothermally processed TiO2 undergo a decrease in Voc with the increase in Rw."

"Krisis iklim disebabkan oleh ketergantungan manusia akan energi berbahan dasar fosil berdampak pada peningkatan gas CO2 ke atmosfer bumi. Hal tersebut menyebabkan suhu rata-rata global meningkat dan berimplikasi pada bencana alam yang terjadi di seluruh dunia. Maka dari itu diperlukan energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan dan dapat diperbaharui. Salah satu sumber energi alternatif itu adalah Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Berbasis N719. Pada pernelitian ini disusun perangkat DSSC dengan TiO2- nanotubes sebagai semikonduktor, ruthenium complex dye N719 sebagai fotosensitizer, Platina sebagai elektroda pembanding, dan elektrolit (I-/I3-). Preparasi TiO2-nanotubes dengan metode two-step anodization pada variasi waktu anodisasi 30, 60, 90, 180 menit. Material kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan SEM, XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS-DRS, dan potensiostat. Hasil penelitian tinggi tabung, dye loading, dan efisiensi DSSC pada variasi waktu anodisasi 30, 60, 90, 180 menit secara berurutan tinggi tabung sebesar 5,28 μm; 7,61 μm; 11,43 μm; 9,45 μm, dye loading sebesar 67,13 nmol/cm2; 125,44 nmol/cm2; 237,97 nmol/cm2; 207,91 nmol/cm2, dan persen efisiensi DSSC 1,72%; 2,13%; 3,32%; 3,03%. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan nilai optimum persen efisiensi DSSC berbanding lurus dengan tinggi tabung dan dye loading TiO2-nanotubes.

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Climate crisis caused by human need for fossil fuel energy have an impact on increasing CO2 emission gas into the atmosphere. More than that, disaster linked to the climate crisis has always been part of our Earth’s system but they are becoming more frequent and intense as the world warms due to an increase the Earth’s average temperature. Therefore we need alternative energy that can be renewed as well as environmentally friendly. One of the renewable and green energy is Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) based on dye N719. In this research, The DSSC device fabricated by TiO2-nanotubes as semoconductor, ruthenium complex dye N719 as photosensitizer, Platina (Pt) as counter electrode, and electrolyte solution (I-/I3-). The preparation of TiO2-nanotubes by two-step anodization method followed by anodization time treatment into four variations, these were in 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 180 minutes to get highly ordered length of TiO2-nanotubes. These materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS- DRS, dan Electrochemical Work Station. The results of tube length, dye loading, and DSSCs efficiency at four variations of anodization time 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 180 minutes sequentially are tube length of 5,28 μm; 7,61 μm; 11,43 μm; 9,45 μm, dye loading of 67,13 nmol/cm2; 125,44 nmol/cm2; 237,97 nmol/cm2; 207,91 nmol/cm2, dan DSSC efficiency of 1,72%; 2,13%; 3,32%; 3,03%. The results show optimum value of DSSC efficiency directly proportional to tube length and dye loading of TiO2-nanotubes."

"Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) telah menarik perhatian sebagai salah satu sumber energi alternatif yang terbarukan. Di daerah tropis, dimana cahaya matahari hampir tersedia sepanjang tahun, DSSC dapat menjadi sumber energi yang sangat berguna. Penelitian tentang DSSC telah dilakukan secara intensif oleh kelompok peneliti terutama di negara-negara maju. Saat ini, kami bekerja pada pembuatan DSSC dengan mensintesis TiO2 nanotube melalui proses anodisasi pada plat titanium dengan larutan elektrolit garam amonium florida dalam gliserol. Kemudian TiO2 nanotube dikarakterisasi dengan termal insitu XRD, UV-Vis DRS dan SEM, yang mengindikasikan terjadinya fase kristal anatase pada perlakuan panas suhu 400˚C. Film anatase yang terbentuk menunjukkan morfologi nanotube yang sangat teratur, dengan ketebalan film sekitar 1,6 μm. Nanotube memiliki rata-rata ketebalan dinding, diameter pori dan diameter luar sekitar 19 nm, 67 nm dan 105 nm. Kemudian zat warna alizarin yang berfungsi sebagai sensitizer dilekatkan pada TiO2 nanotube (TiO2-NT/alizarin) dengan metode elektroforesis. Ti/TiO2-NT/alizarin tersebut selanjutnya dirakit menjadi sel DSSC menggunakan iodium sebagai elektrolit dan film Pt pada kaca ITO sebagai elektroda counter. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa rangkaian sel DSSC menghasilkan nilai efisiensi maksimum pada waktu anodisasi 4 jam dan waktu elektroforesis zat warna 12 menit.

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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) has attracted attention as one of future renewable alternative energy source. In tropical area, where the solar light is almost available all the year, DSSC can be very useful. Research on DSSC has been conducted intensively by research groups mostly in advance countries. We recently start work on DSSC issue by employing highly ordered TiO2 nanotube, prepared by anodization of titanium metal sheet in the present of aqueous ammonium fluoride in glycerol. The prepared TiO2 nanotube was characterized by mean insitu thermal treatment XRD, UV-Vis DRS and SEM, which indicate the occurrence of anatase crystal phase upon heat treatment at 4000C. The formed anatase film showed morphology of highly ordered nanotube array, with about 1.6 μm film thickness, having average of wall thickness and internal diameter of 19 nm and 67 nm, respectively. The typical dyes sensitizer (e.g. alizarin) then was attached to the TiO2 nanotube (TiO2-NT/alizarin) by electrophoresis method. The Ti/TiO2-NT/alizarin then was assembled in typical DSSC, employing iodine as an electrolyte and Pt film supported on an ITO glass, as the counter electrode and light window as well. The measurement result indicates that the series of DSSC cells produce the maximum efficiency at 4 hours anodization and 12 minutes electrophoresis dye."

"Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is one of the very promising alternative renewable energy sources to anticipate the declination in the fossil fuel reserves in the next few decades and to make use of the abundance of intensive sunlight energy in tropical countries like Indonesia. In the present study, TiO2 nanoparticles of different nanocrystallinity was synthesized via sol− gel process with various water to inorganic precursor ratio (R w) of 0.85, 2.00 and 3.50 upon sol preparation, followed with subsequent drying, conventional annealing and post-hydrothermal treatments. The resulting nanoparticles were integrated into the DSSC prototype and sensitized with an organic dye made of the extract of red onion. The basic performance of the fabricated DSSC has been examined and correlated to the crystallite size and band gap energy of TiO2 nanoparticles. It was found that post-hydrothermally treated TiO2 nanoparticles derived from sol of 2.00 Rw, with the most enhanced nanocrystalline size of 12.46 nm and the lowest band gap energy of 3.48 eV, showed the highest open circuit voltage (Voc) of 69.33 mV."

"Sel surya tersensitasi zat warna (dye-sensitized solar cell, DSSC) merupakan perangkat yang dapat mengkonversi cahaya matahari menjadi arus listrik dengan menggunakan elektroda kerja berupa semikonduktor TiO2 yang dilapisi oleh zat warna dan kaca ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) sebagai elektroda counter. Lapisan tipis TiO2 dipreparasi di atas plat Ti dengan cara anodisasi dalam larutan NH4F dalam gliserol pada bias potensial 25 volt selama 4 jam dan dikalsinasi pada suhu 500°C selama 3 jam. Karakterisasi dengan SEM menunjukkan bahwa TiO2 yang terbentuk mempunyai morfologi nanotube dengan diameter tabung yang teratur, yaitu 40-60 nm. Karakterisasi dengan XRD dan DRS UV-Vis menunjukkan bahwa kristal TiO2 yang terbentuk berupa fasa anatase. Zat warna yang digunakan sebagai photosensitizer adalah zat warna alami cyanidin yang diekstrak dari buah black mulberry (Morus nigra L) dengan pelarut metanol:HCl (99:1). Karakterisasi cyanidin dengan UV-Vis menunjukkan serapan kuat paada panjang gelombang 513 nm. Cyanidin diadsorpsikan ke dalam TiO2 nanotube menggunakan metode elektroforesis, dengan variasi bias potensial dan waktu. Plat Ti/TiO2- nanotube/cyanidin dirangkai menjadi DSSC dengan larutan elektrolit Iˉ/I3ˉ dan kaca ITO. Nilai efisiensi konversi cahaya menjadi arus listrik tertinggi adalah 0,2678 % dan 0,2672%, ditunjukkan oleh plat Ti/TiO2-nanotube/cyanidin yang masing-masing dielektroforesis pada tegangan 20 volt selama 12 menit dan 25 volt selama 8 menit.

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Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a device that can convert the sunlight to electrical current, by employing dyes coated TiO2 semiconductor as working electrode and ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) glass as counter electrode. TiO2 thin film was prepared by anodization of Ti plate in NH4F/glycerol at potential 25 volt for 4 hours and then heated at 500°C for 3 hours. Characterization by SEM showed the TiO2 has a nanotube morphology having internal diameter of 40-60 nm. Characterization by XRD and DRS UV-Vis indicated that the TiO2 is in anatase crystal phase. Cyanidin, a natural dye, that was used as photo sensitizer was extracted from black mulberry fruit (Morus nigra L) in methanol:HCl (99:1) solvent. The extracted cyanidin showed a strong absorption at wavelength of 513 nm, which is suitable to absorb visible light. The cyanidin is coated into TiO2 nanotube by using electrophoresis method, at various bias potential and time. The Ti/TiO2-nanotube/cyanidin plate was assembled into DSSC using Iˉ/I3ˉ electrolyte solution and ITO glass. The highest efficiency values were 0.2678 % and 0.2672%, for Ti/TiO2-nanotube/cyanidin which were prepared by electrophoresis at 20 volt for 12 minutes and 25 volt for 8 minutes, respectively."

"Sel surya tersensitisasi-pewarna merupakan jenis sel surya yang dapat menjadi alternatif sumber energi murah dan mudah dibuat. Prinsip kerjanya relatif berbeda dengan sel surya yang sudah dikenal saat ini. Umumnya, DSSC berbasis titanium (IV) oksida (TiO2). Telah dibuat partikel nano ZnO dengan metode presipitasi yang diharapkan menjadi basis sel surya tersensitisasi pewarna. NaOH diberikan pada prekursor seng asetat dihidrat dalam pelarut etanol dengan rasio molar NaOH : Zn(CH3COO)2 · 2H2O 3,6, 1,8, dan 0,9. Penambahan NaOH menghasilkan endapan, kemudian dicuci dengan etanol, dan diproses lanjut dengan pemanasan (anil) dan pascahidrotermal. Partikel yang dicuci pada pengujian XRD memberikan sifat amorf. Keteraturan meningkat dengan perlakuan anil, lalu pascahidrotermal. Sifat elektronik berupa energi celah pita juga diamati dan memberi kecenderungan mengecil dengan ukuran yang meningkat. Kecenderungan berbeda diamati pada sampel dengan rasio molar 1,8. Tegangan sel yang diamati pada setiap rasio molar adalah 30, 67, dan 27 mV.

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Dye-sensitised solar cell (DSSC) is a solar cell that may become an economically feasible and easily manufactured alternative source of energy. The principle is different from conventional silicon solar cell. Such solar cells generally based on titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2). In this research, ZnO nanoparticles was made via precipitation method. The material in question was expected to be the basis of DSSC. NaOH wasadded to zinc acetate dihydrate precursor in ethanol with the molar ratios of 3.6, 1.8, and 0.9 respectively. It was observed that the addition of NaOH gave rise to precipitate that was washed with ethanol and subsequently processed by heating (annealing) and post-hydrothermal treatment. After XRD examination, the as-washed particle showed the amorphous tendency, but the internal order was improved after the annealing and post- hydrothermal treatment. The band-gap energy was also observed and gave tendency to be lower with the increasing size, although the nanoparticle with 1.8 molar ratio gave slightly different result. The voltage observed (per molar ratio) was 30, 67, and 27 mV."

"Amonia merupakan senyawa penting bagi kehidupan di bumi, diantaranya yaitu dalam bidang industri dan pertanian. Permintaan amonia diperkirakan akan meningkat setiap tahunnya. Secara konvensional, fiksasi industri dari N2 untuk menghasilkan NH3 dilakukan melalui proses Haber−Bosch yang membutuhkan kondisi suhu dan tekanan yang sangat ekstrim sehingga mengonsumsi energi dalam jumlah tinggi dan mengemisikan CO2 dalam jumlah yang sangat besar. Oleh karena itu, perlu mengembangkan teknologi alternatif untuk sintesis amonia dengan metode yang ramah lingkungan. Banyak penelitian yang mengembangkan konversi nitrogen menjadi amonia secara fotoelektrokimia dengan adanya material semikonduktor, namun efisiensi yang dihasilkan masih belum cukup baik, sehingga perlu untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengembangan sistem tandem Dye Sensitized Solar Cell-Photoelectrochemistry (DSSC-PEC) untuk konversi nitrogen menjadi amonia. Sel DSSC disusun menggunakan fotoanoda N719/TiO2NTs, elektrolit I-/I3-, dan katoda Pt/FTO. Efisiensi DSSC yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini sebesar 1,49%. Sel PEC disusun menggunakan BiOBr/TiO2NTs yang disintesis dengan metode successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) sebagai katoda, tempat berlangsungnya reaksi konversi nitrogen menjadi amonia, dan Ti3+/TiO2NTs sebagai fotoanoda tempat berlangsungnya oksidasi air. Selain itu, pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan variasi ketika Ti3+/TiO2NTs digunakan sebagai fotoanoda dan BiOBr/TiO2NTs sebagai katoda beserta BiOBr/TiO2NTs sebagai fotoanoda dan katoda. Sistem tandem disusun dengan menghubungkan anoda PEC dengan katoda DSSC, serta katoda PEC dengan anoda DSSC menggunakan kawat tembaga. Kadar amonia yang dihasilkan dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode fenat. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh kadar amonia tertinggi dengan sistem yang menggunakan material BiOBr/TiO2NTs pada anoda dan katoda dengan kadar amonia yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,1272 µmol selama 6 jam, dengan persen solar to chemical conversion (SCC) sebesar 0,0021%.

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Ammonia is an important compound for human’s life, including in industry and agriculture. The demand for ammonia is expected to increase every year. Conventionally, the industrial fixation of N2 to NH3 is carried out through the Haber−Bosch process which requires extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. This process consumes a high amount of energy and emits a very large amount of CO2. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative technologies for ammonia synthesis using environmentally friendly methods. Many studies have developed the photoelectrochemical conversion of nitrogen to ammonia in the presence of semiconductor materials, but the resulting efficiency is still not good enough, so it needs further development. In this research, the development of the tandem system of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell-Photoelectrochemistry (DSSC-PEC) was carried out for the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia. DSSC cells were prepared using N719/TiO2NTs photoanode, I-/I3- electrolyte, and Pt/FTO cathode. The DSSC efficiency produced in this research is 1.49%. PEC cells were prepared using BiOBr/TiO2NTs synthesized by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method as the cathode, where the reaction of converting nitrogen into ammonia takes place, and Ti3+/TiO2NTs as the photoanode where water oxidation takes place. In addition, in this study we also did the various experiments when Ti3+/TiO2NTs were used as photoanode and BiOBr/TiO2NTs as cathode, as well as BiOBr/TiO2NTs as photoanode and cathode. The tandem system is arranged by connecting the PEC anode to the DSSC cathode and the PEC cathode to the DSSC anode using copper wire. The resulting ammonia levels were analyzed using the phenate method. In this study, the highest ammonia levels were obtained with a system using BiOBr/TiO2NTs material at the anode and cathode with the resulting ammonia of 0.1272 µmol for 6 hours, with an solar to chemical (SCC) value of 0.0021%."