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"Compared to the domestic shipping companies, the role of foreign shipping companies in Indonesia's economy is Very dominant. The large demand of export and import transportation could not be handled by domestic shipping companies due to many weakness, such as the inadequate of high-quality ships, lack of financial institution Support, and management skill in international competition. Until this day the potency of natlonal?s cargo for domstic or international still dominated by foreign shipping companies. According to the Indonesian National Shipowners Association (INSA), the effect of that unequal at least US$ 12 billion of yearly potential income goes to foreign shipping companies. Those amounts are the total of international shipping expenses shipping companies. Those amounts are the total of internalional shipping expenses (US$ 10.5 billions) and domestic shipping expenses (3 trillions Rupiah). The 95% from average 450 millions ton/year of total export cargo from Indonesia are carried by foreign ships, as for domestic ship is 5%. For domestic cargo, the national shipping companies only obtained 89.9 millions ton or 59.99% as for foreign shipping companies they obtained 59 millions ton or 40.01%. Related to that, the author is interested to analyzing the taxation upon foreign shipping companies income. The subjects in this research is the implemetation operation of the tax levied of income tax based on the taxation policy subject to Indonesian taxation related to the foreign shipping companies income. As for the subject of this thesis is how to create assurance regarding the implementation of the tax levied of income tax from the foreign shipping companies income in Indonesia, in order to prevent tax avoidance or if taxpayer perform a tax evasion, it could be known as violation to the act of Income tax. The data compilation used qualitative method with descriptive analysis approach, which is describbing and analyzing the completed data. The data that used in this research were obtained by library research and field research techniques.All addition to economic capability shall taxable, including the addition to economic capability, which received or obtained by the operations of foreign ships in Indonesia. In this sector of business, the income could be in the form of freight, terminal handling charge, document fee, fuel adjusment factor, income from charter transaction by means of fully manned basis or bareboat basis, income from transactions of bareboat hire purchase, income from ship leasing, income from used ship overtaking, prolit from exchange rate, and income from fish shipping operation. Need synergy from income tax elements, that is tax policy, tax law and tax administration in order to taxed the income from foreign ships operation. Those elements shall be based on good taxation goal and principle, which contain principle of equity and certainty. Certainties are very important to create justice for taxpayers and tax personnel, whether the certainties in Tax Subject, Tax Object, tax tariff or tax procedure.Indonesia has own domestic rules regarding the foreign ship operating, but the origin country of that foreign ship also had their own domestic rules, so the coflict of taxation jurisdiction could be occur. Therefore, double tax prevention agreement is needed between the two countries in order to prevent the occurrence of tax evasion. The prevention of that double tax is obtained by agreement regarding with: a) elimination of dual residence, b) jurisdiction of each countries as domicile country and as source country, c) the prevention method for double tax must be applied by domicile country and d) establish the Mutual Agreement Procedure (MAP).From the results of field study shows that are several kinds of income from foreign shipping Companies which has not been clearly arranged, so there is no law certainty which are terminal handling charge, document fee, fuel adjustment factor, bareboat basis charter fee, income from bareboat hire purchase, income from used boat overtaking, profit/loss from rate exchange, and income from operation of foreign fish ship.There are several operation modus of tax evasion which done by taxpayer caused by more than one agent authorization which is spreading in several city port in Indonesia, the situation when agent is been replaced and the previous agent felt no more responsibility, even in the tax levied by other party and taxpayer it self did not pay the withholding income tax.The ongoing analysis regarding the tradition of international taxation is the tradition of international taxation is the tradition is not placing the permanent establisment as tax requirement for the source country and Indonesia did not implemented those tradition. Analysis were also performed regarding the existence unclearly tax regulation for several kinds above mentioned income, the inappropriate name of article 15 Income tax, the income scope which has to be arranged in Indonesia's domestic regulation, the tax procedure and operation modus of tax evasion.The conclusion based on the analysis is the lax rights of source country upon the profit of ships operation on international traffic not based on the concept of permanent establishment, the name of article 15 income tax is inappropriate since it is not include in tax procedure criteria, the particular calculation norm for net income shall be clearly stating the income variables which is included in norm calculation and which is exclude in the tax treatment. Indonesia's domestic regulation have got to be changed to not placing the requirements of permanent establisment and in case of effective management existence in Indonesia, then the tax treatment is equal with domestic shipping companies taxpayer, the name article 15 Income Tax is changed to appropriate type of tax, regulation of income variable subjected to Income Tax which is final and not, single NPWP for one taxpayer, the use of term "tax levied" for fully manned basis charter and eliminated the uncertainty of regulation to create law certanty."

"Dalam era globalisasi saat ini telah terjadi transformasi global yang digerakan oleh dua kekuatan besar, yaitu teknologi dan perdagangan. Proses transformasi tersebut berjalan dengan sangat cepat. Dibutuhkan suatu sarana penting untuk menunjang dinamika tersebut diantaranya sarana transporasi yang efisien, yaitu pesawat terbang. Awal industri penerbangan di Indonesia terjadi sekitar tahun 1949. Indonesia menjalin kerjasama dengan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda dengan mendirikan maskapai PT Garuda Indonesia Airways (GIA). Dengan berdirinya maskapai penerbangan nasional ini mendorong industri penerbangan dalam negeri dengan berdirinya maskapai-maskapai penerbangan lain.Munculnya perusahaan penerbangan nasional membuka celah masuknya perusahaan penerbangan asing ke Indonesia. Perusahaan penerbangan asing tersebut dalam mengembangkan usahanya dengan mendirikan cabang. Berdasarkan ketentuan Treaty ataupun Undang-Undang Domestik pendirian cabang tersebut dikukuhkan sebagai Bentuk Usaha Tetap (BUT). Tidak seperti pada ketentuan umunmya, BUT atas perusahaan penerbangan asing tidak dijadikan sebagai ambang batas pemajakan. Pemberian hak pemajakan secara ekslusif diberikan pada pusat efektif manajemen.Pokok permasalahan dalam penulisan tesis ini adalah upaya yang perlu dilakukan agar perusahaan penerbangan asing di Indonesia dapat memenuhi hak dan kewajiban perpajakannya dengan baik. Hal ini terkait karena pengoperasian pesawat terbang mempunyai karakteristik yang bersifat khusus, sehingga pengenaan pajaknya pun bersifat khusus. 0leh karena itu, pemahaman atas pengoperasian perusahaan penerbangan secara cermat dan komnprehensif perlu dilakukan.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Deskriptif Analitis. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah wawancara dengan pihak-pihak yang terkait seperti: pejabat dan petugas pajak, konsultan pajak, wajib pajak dan IATA. Penelitian ini juga didukung dengan studi literatur guna mendapatkan teori dan peraturan yang tepat untuk mendukung penelitian ini. Adapun literatur yang diteliti scperti: karya ilmiah dan peraturan perpajakan berdasarkan Ketentuan Domestik maupun dalam Tax Treaty.Berdasarkan penelitian di KPP Badora I dan II ditemukan data bahwa dalam pemenuhan kewajiban pei-pajakan yang dilakukan oleh Wajib Pajak (WP) perusahaan penerbangan asing sudah baik. Hal ini disebabkan pada umumnya WP tersebut didampingi oleh konsultan. Tetapi dalam masalah pemahaman dan sosialisasi peraturan masih kurang. Sehingga sering timbul dispute antara petugas dan wajib pajak. Sampai saat ini pihak KPP Badora belum pernah melakukan sosialisasi secara rutin. Masalah ekstensitikasi dan Intensifikasi Wajib Pajak juga belum dioptimalkan.Berdasarkan analisa yang dilakukan, proses sosialisasi, ekstentifikasi dan intensitikasi pajak perlu dilakukan. Sosialiasi ditujukan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman WP dan petugas pajak. Masih banyaknya perusahaan penerbangan asing yang belum terdatar merupakan alasan mengapa diperlukan proses ekstensifikasi pajak. Proses ekstensifkasi ini terutama ditekankan pada negara non treaty partner. Proses Intensifikasi berhubungan erat dengan infotmasi peredaran bruto dan pembukuan. karena pengenaan pajak berdasarkan undang-undang domestik menggunakan norma, petugas pajak mempunyai kesulitan untuk tnengidentifikasi jenis -jenis penghasilan lebih lanjut.Oleh karena itu disarankan agar proses sosialisasi dilakukan secara inlensif baik di kalangan petugas pajak dan wajib pajak. Upaya tersebut misalnya dengan menjalin kerja sama dengan asosiasi penerbangan internasional (IATA). Fasilitas dalam treaty yang berhubungan dengan pertukaran infotmasi hendaknya dimanfaatkan untuk mendukung proses intensifikasi pengenaan pajak.

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In the current era or global, there has peen a global transformation instigated by two large forces. Namely technology and trade, such transformation process is taking place rapidly. Important facilities are required to support such dynamic, arming other things efficient means of transportation such as airplanes. Airline industry Indonesia dates back to 1949. Indonesia engaged in cooperation with the Government of Netherlands East Indies by establishing PT Garuda Indonesia Airways (GIA). The establishment of this national airline spurred the growth of domestic air transportation industry, as indicated by the establishment of outer- airlines.The establishment of national airlines has opened the gate lot the entry of forcign airlines to Indonesia. Those foreign airlines develop their businesses by opening branch offices. Pursuant to the provisions of Treaty or Domestic Laws, such newly opened branch offices should be confirmed as Permanent Establishments (PE). Not with standing the general rules. PE of foreign airlines is not functioning as taxation threshold. Such exclusive taxation right is granted to effective management centers.The maim topic of this thesis is the efforts that need to be made for the proper fulfillment of the tax rights and obligations by foreign airliners. This is because the operation of airplanes has specific characteristics so as to require special taxation. Therefore, careful and comprehensive understanding of airline operations is required.This research employed Analytical (Descriptive method. The research instrument used was interview with the relevant panics. Such as: tax officials and officers. Tax consultants, taxpayers and IATA. This research was also supported by literary study in order to obtain the correct theories and regulations to support this research. Whereas the literature used in this research include scientific works and tax regulations, based on Domestic Regulations and Tax Treaties.The research conducted at Tax Service Office For Foreign Entities and Individuals (KPI Badora) I and II reveals sonic data that foreign airline Taxpayers have appropriately fulfilled their tax obligations. This is because consultants generally assist them. However, there is still lack of understanding and socialization of regulations. Accordingly, there are disputes between the officers and the taxpayers. Thus Tar. KPP Badora has never performed routine dissemination of information. The issues of enlarge and intensification of Taxpayers have not also been optimized.Based on the analysis, it is necessary to perform tax socialization, enlarge and intensification. Socialization is aimed at improving the comprehension of taxpayers and tax officers. The large number of foreign airlines that have not been registered is the reason why lax enlarge process is required. Such enlarge process should be focused mainly on non-treaty partner countries. Intensification process is closely related to information on gross turnover and bookkeeping. Since taxation based on domestic laws is subject to norms, tax officers face difficulties in further identifying the types of revenues.Therefore, it is recommended that the socialization process be performed intensively, both on tax officers and taxpayers. Such effort can be made, for instance, by engaging in cooperation with the international air transport association (IATA). Facilities provided in treaties related to exchange of information should be used for supporting the taxation intensification process."

"Airworthiness standards for transport category airplane must be met of each appropriate Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASR) Indonesia if the airplane will be operated in Indonesia...."

"Untuk menggali penerimaan pajak dari sektor usaha jasa konstruksi maka pemerintah mengeluarkan Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Pajak Penghasilan Atas Penghasilan Dari. Usaha Jasa Konstruksi dan Jasa Konsultan. Mengacu pada sasaran pembaharuan sistem perpajakan nasional, maka setiap ketentuan perpajakan harus memperhatikan aspek keadilan serta jaminan atas kepastian hukum dalam pemungutan pajak. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis apakah ketentuan tersebut telah tepat ditinjau dad azas-azas perpajakan yang baik terutama aspek keadilan dalam pembebanan pajak, kepastian hukum, kesederhanaan pemungutan, serta kekuatan dan keabsahan dasar hukum pemungutan pajak. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode .deskriptif analitis mencakup analisis teoritis melalui studi kepustakaan dan pendapat beberapa pakar perpajakan serta analisis empiris atas kasus-kasus di lapangan. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa Peraturan Pemerintah yang mengenakan PPh Final atas penghasilan dari usaha jasa konstruksi kurang mencerminkan azas keadilan, baik keadilan horizontal yang menekankan bahwa semua orang yang mempunyai penghasilan sama harus membayar pajak dalam jumlah sama maupun keadilan vertikal yang mewajibkan pajak yang semakin besar selaras dengan semakin besarnya kemampuan yang bersangkutan untuk membayar pajak. Selain itu terdapat beberapa hal yang menyangkut ketidakpastian termasuk pengertian jasa konstruksi sehingga menimbulkan perbedaan interpretasi dalam pelaksanaannya. Di sisi lain, Peraturan Pemerintah tersebut telah mempunyai landasan hukum yang sah yaitu Undangundang (UU). Yang menjadi permasalahan adalah terlalu luasnya wewenang yang diberikan oleh UU sehingga dengan Peraturan Pemerintah dapat diatur tarif pajak tersendiri atas segala jenis penghasilan yang berbeda dari ketentuan UU itu sendiri. Hal ini menyimpang dari Undang-undang Dasar 1945 yang menetapkan bahwa segala pajak harus berdasarkan UU. Menerapkan kembali tarif umum yang progresif dan tidak final lebih mencerminkan keadilan. Akuntansi Keuangan sangat memudahkan penetapan penghasilan neto usaha jasa konstruksi sehingga secara teknis pembukuan tidak terdapat masalah. Selanjutnya perlu ditinjau kembali ketentuan dalam UU yang memberi wewenang terlalu besar kepada Peraturan Pemerintah untuk mengatur tersendiri perlakuan PPh atas jenis-jenis penghasilan tertentu."

"Pemberian kepercayaan kepada Wajib Pajak untuk menghitung, menyetor dan melaporkan sendiri pajak-pajaknya dikenal sebagai sistem self assessment, merupakan salah satu upaya mencapai peningkatan penerimaan negara dari sektor pajak yang dimulai pada saat reformasi peraturan perundang-undangan perpajakan tahun 1984. Salah satu undang-undang yang diberlakukan adalah Undang-Undang Pajak Penghasilan, dengan memperhatikan perkembangan yang terjadi hingga saat ini telah disempurnakan dengan perubahan sebanyak dua kali yaita pada tahun 1991 dan 1994. Dalam situasi perekonomian yang normal dan pelaksanaan pembangunan yang berjalan lancar, pengalihan hak atas tanah dan atau bangunan berpotensi besar untuk mempero]eh penghasilan yang dapat dikenakan Pajak Penghasilan, sehingga dapat diandalkan untuk menjamin penerimaan negara. Dengan demikian telah diatur pemungutan pajaknya dengan mengeluarkan peraturan pemerintah, yang hingga saat ini telah dikenal tiga peraturan pemerintah yang mengaturnya dengan beberapa peraturan pelaksanaannya, terakhir dengan penerapan tarif yang bersifat final sehingga memudahkan penghitungan pajak terutang bagi Wajib Pajak. Dari hasil wawancara yang dilakukan penulis dengan beberapa klien penulis yang melakukan transaksi pengalihan hak atas tanah, selain itu jugs dilakukan kepada rekan-rekan penulis yang menjalankan jabatannya selaku Notaris dan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) serta para pejabat di Kantor Pertanahan Kotamadya/Kabupaten Badan Pertanahan Nasional, maka telah didapat keterangan bahwa kebijakan perpajakan untuk transaksi semacam ini tidak selalu dirasakan lebih baik bagi para Wajib Pajak dan banyak diantara para pejabat yang terkait dengan transaksi pengalihan hak atas tanah dan atau bangunan yang kurang memahami peraturan perpajakan ini sehingga dapat mengakibatkan tidak tercapainya maksud dari pemberlakuan peraturan ini. Walaupun pemberlakuan peraturan yang mengaturnya telah memperhatikan asas-asas perpajakan yang lazimnya berlaku, akan tetapi masih dirasakan adanya penyimpangan bagi Wajib Pajak."