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"In this paper a new current comparator architecture is presented, which utilizes the concept of nonlinear feedback to speed up the operation. The analytical formulation for quantifying the effect of the feedback is put forward. The functionality of the proposed comparator is verified using simulations carried out on an Orcad Pspice tool using Taiwan Semiconductors Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18 µm technology parameters. The resolution and delay are found to be ± 10 nA and 1.48 ns, respectively at a reference current of 1µA. The effects of parameter variations on the performance of the proposed comparator at different design corners is also studied. The usefulness of the proposed comparator is demonstrated through a 3-bit current mode flash Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and its performance parameters are also calculated using simulations. The simulation results show that the 3-bit current mode flash Analog to Digital Converter exhibits no missing codes and has Differential Non-Linearity (DNL) of -0.25 Least Significant Bit (LSB) and Integral Non-Linearity (INL) of -0.19 LSB."

"ABSTRAKThe Concept of Private Finance Initiative (PFI) or Public Private Partnership(PPP) has been internationally implemented over the last two decades. In Malaysia, even though the involvement of the private sector in assisting with the provision of public services and facilities is not new, only recently under the Ninth Malaysia Plan the government officially announced the implementation of projects using P FI scheme in order to promote greater involvement of the private sector in delivering public services (Ninth Malaysia Plan, 2006). Consequently, a series of PFI projects is now being implemented including some already under construction. However, little is known on the real nature of the Malaysian PFI One of the aspectsconsidered critical in the implementation of a P FI project is the need for a public sector comparator (PSC) to demonstrate that the project can achieve value for money through comparing the public sector comparator (PSC) with the bid or bids submitted by the private sect01: The study being reported herein focuses on the concept of PFI as practiced in Malaysia and the construction of a PSC. Given that under the Malaysian PFI, the PSC is yet to be established there is an urgent need for one to be constructed. In addition, critical issues concerning the transfer of risks and the determination o.f discount rate are also discussed. The study combines literature review on P Fl and interviews with civil servants involved in the implementation of P FI in Malaysia."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai optimisasi perancangan rangkaian pembaca keluaran sensor kelembaban dan konduktivitas listrik dengan zero crossing detector. Perancangan dilakukan dengan simulasi menggunakan multisim 10.0.1 dan Protel 99 , dan menerapkan hasil simulasi di pcb (printed circuit board). Ide awal dari penelitian ini adalah menggunakan IC phase comparator yang digunakan untuk detektor fasa sebagai rangkaian pembaca keluaran sensor kelembaban dan konduktivitas listrik, dimana sinyal input dan output sensor kelembaban dan konduktivitas listrik yang berbentuk gelombang sinus langsung di bandingkan didalam IC tersebut, sehingga pergeseran fasa kedua sinyal masukan dapat di ukur tanpa mengubah bentuk sinyal masukan dan keluaran sensor tersebut. Hanya saja belum ditemukan detektor fasa yang dapat mendeteksi pergeseran fasa antara kedua sinyal masukan sinus. Oleh karena itu digunakan rangkaian zero crossing detector untuk mengubah sinyal sinus menjadi sinyal kotak dengan menggunakan Op Amp dengan slewrate yang tinggi ( > 200V/?s ), bertujuan agar sinyal kotak yang dihasilkan lebih baik, dengan demikian proses pembacaan fasa menjadi lebih akurat.

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This final project describes about optimization of developing read output circuit which used to read output from moisture and electric conductivity sensor. Simulation circuit was developed by multisim 10.0.1 and ultiboard 10.0.1, and the product was applied in the pcb (printed circuit board). First idea from this watchfulness uses IC phase comparator for make detector fasa as moisture and electric conductivity sensor, signal input and output moisture and electric conductivity sensor direct sine wave at compares inside ic phase comparator, so phase different value can be read without change input and output wave from moisture and electric conductivity sensor, but not yet be found phase comparator to detect phase different value for sine input signal. So used zero crossing detector schematic to change sine signal to square signal using operasional amplifier with high slewrate ( 200V/?s ), high slewrate function is produce approach ideal square wave, therefore phase different value read to accurate."

"Pada tesis ini dilakukan pengukuran dan analisis ketidakpastian resistor standar 1 Ω tipe Fluke 742A. Analisa ketidakpastian meliputi ketidakpastian parameter ukur rasio Jembatan Komparator Arus Searah dan ketidakstabilan suhu resistor yang diuji. Pengukuran kesalahan parameter ukur rasio jembatan DCC tipe Guildline 6675A dilakukan menggunakan metode generik dan metode basis resistansi yang merupakan metode pengujian yang dikembangkan. Pengukuran koefisien suhu resistor standar 1 Ω uji dilakukan pada rentang suhu 18 oC hingga 28 oC. Pengukuran resistor standar ini dilakukan dengan menurunkan nilai resistor standar 1 Ω tipe Thomas yang tertelusur pada sistem QHR di Puslit KIM-LIPI kepada resistor standar termaksud. Diperoleh hasil pengukuran kesalahan parameter ukur rasio jembatan DCC dengan metode generik untuk rasio 0,1:1 hingga 10:1 adalah (0,14 ± 1,68) ppm, sedangkan dengan metode basis resistansi untuk rasio kombinasi hubung paralel atau seri-paralel dan untuk rasio hubung seri masing-masing sebenar (1,19 ± 1,81) ppm dan (-0,44 ± 0,15) ppm. Nilai koefisien suhu resistor standar akibat perubahan suhu didapat a=1,66 ppm/ oC dan b = -0,031 ppm/ oC2. Menggunakan nilai-nilai tersebut ketidakpastian resistor standar 1 Ω tipe fluke 742A sebesar 1,00002048 Ω dengan ketidakpastian sebesar 0,000000146 Ω.

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Measurement and uncertainty analysis of standard resistor (Fluke-742A) 1 Ω type is reported. The uncertainty analysis consists of the uncertainty of Direct Current Comparator Bridge (DCC Bridge) and temperature instability of the resistor under test. The error measurement of the ratio measure parameter of 6675A DCC Bridge-Guildline was done using generic method and base resistor method which is a developed measuring method. Measurements of coefficient temperature of standard resistor under test it for temperature range of 18 oC to 28 oC. The measurement of the standard resistor was done using DCC Bridge by disseminating the standard resistor value of 1 Ω Thomas type that is traceable to QHR Puslit KIM-LIPI to the standard resistor referred.

The error measurement value of the ratio measure parameter using generic method at the ratio of 0.1:1 to 10:1 was , whereas, the error measurement result using base resistor method at the ratio of parallel or series-parallel circuit combination and the ratio of series circuit were and respectively. The coefficient temperature values of standard resistor ​​regarding temperature changes ware a=1,66 ppm/ oC and b = -0,031 ppm/ oC2. Based on the measurement, the value of standard resistor of 1 Ω Fluke 742A type was 1,00002048 Ω with the uncertainty of 0,000000146 Ω."

"ABSTRAKPada peralatan komputer atau elektronika prinsip dasarnya adalah rangkaian digital. Pada sistem digital, keluaran maupun masuknya hanya berupa 1 atau 0. Dengan prinsip ini, menggunakan rangkaian gerbang digital, seperti NOR, NAND, Inverter dan XOR dapat dirancang peralatan yang sangat berguna bagi kebutuhan manusia.Perancangan simulasi lift yang diimplementasikan ini merupakan salah satu aplikasi dari teknologi digital. Rangkaian digital terdiri dari gerbang-gerbang logika digital, maupun yang lebih kompleks lagi, yakni Comparator, D-flip-flop, dan yang lainnya.Penelitian ini terutama membahas perancangan rangkaian simulasi lift, yang dibangun dari rangkaian Comparator, D-flip-flop, Counter, Decoder, Encoder dan gerbang lainnya. Kemudian di gambar layout CMOS dari rangkaian tersebut. Dalam hal ini yang digambarkan dan dijelaskan yaitu adalah : analisa layout CMOS-nya yakni rangkaian Comparator yang merupakan salah satu komponen utama dari simulasi lift."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini meneliti mengenai mengenai konsep teori pembentukan BLU diIndonesia dan menilai bagaimana penerapan public accountability pada BLUperguruan tinggi dengan mengambil pembanding universitas-universitas yangmemiliki reputasi kelas dunia pada negara Amerika Serikat, Inggris dan Australia.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memahami konsep teori pembentukan BLU diIndonesia dan menilai perbandingan atas penerapan public accountability padaBLU perguruan tinggi dengan perguruan tinggi pembanding sehingga didapatkankesimpulan yang diharapkan dapat menjadi saran perbaikan untuk meningkatkanpublic accountability BLU perguruan tinggi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitiandeskriptif kualitatif. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan kesimpulan bagaimana praktikpublic accountability terbaik sebagaimana diterapkan oleh University ofCalifornia, sementara pada sampel perguruan tinggi BLU di Indonesia masihkurang memadai. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan perbaikan kepada perguruan tinggidan regulatornya di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis examines the theory of the building concept of BLU in Indonesia andassess how the implementation of public accountability on BLU college by takingcomparator universities that have a world class reputation in the United States,Britain and Australia. The purpose of this study was to understand the buildingconcept of special agencies in public sector (BLU) in Indonesia and assess thecomparison of the application of public accountability on BLU colleges anduniversities so that it was concluded that the comparison can be expected tosuggest improvements to enhance public accountability in BLU college. Thisresearch is descriptive qualitative research. From this study it was determined howpublic accountability best practices as applied by the University of California ,while on a college sample BLU in Indonesia is still inadequate. It is necessary forrepairs to the college and its regulators in Indonesia."