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"ABSTRACTEducation has received increased attention within the humanitarian sector. In conflict-affected contexts, access to education may be hampered by attacks against and the military use of educational facilities as well as attacks and threats of attacks against students, teachers and other education-related persons. Affected populations may also find themselves unable to access education, for example due to displacement. This article looks into the different sets of humanitarian responses aimed at (1) ensuring the protection of educational facilities and related persons, mostly through advocacy efforts centred on weapons bearers, and (2) (re-)establishing education services where they are not present or are no longer functioning, mostly through programmes directed at affected populations. It then argues that, in contrast with dominant practices, the protection of education can also be ensured through programmatic responses with meaningful participation of affected communities, and examines the example of the Safer Schools programme in Ukraine."

"ABSTRAKInfekunditas sekunder merupakan kondisi seorang wanita usia subur yang masihmemiliki kemungkinan untuk memiliki anak dan berharap bisa memiliki anak,baik yang belum pernah melahirkan ataupun sudah pernah melahirkan, belumpernah hamil maupun yang sudah pernah hamil dan atau pernah memiliki anaksebelum lima tahun terakhir serta tidak menggunakan alat kontrasepsi padaperiode tersebut. Faktor yang menyebabkan infekunditas sekunder sebagian besarmerupakan penyebab yang sama pada faktor yang menyebabkan infertilitas.Dimana akibat yang ditimbulkan karena terjadinya infekunditas sekunder yaitugangguan psikologis, sosial dan ekonomi. Metode penelitian yang digunakanyaitu cross sectional dengan menggunakan data WUS SDKI 2012. Jumlah sampelyaitu sebanyak 27414 (85.03%) mengalami fekunditas dan 4826 (14.97%)mengalami infekunditas sekunder. Analisis data menggunakan univariat, bivariatdan regresi logistik. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, propinsi yang memilikiangka infekunditas sekunder tertinggi yaitu Papua (31.39%), Aceh (23.23%) danPapua Barat (20.75%). Dengan analisis regresi logistik diperoleh bahwadeterminan infekunditas sekunder di Indonesia adalah umur, merokok, sosialekonomi, pekerjaan, riwayat keguguran, pendidikan, umur pertama melakukanhubungan seksual, dan paritas

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ABSTRACTSecondary infecundity is a condition of a woman at childbearing age who stillhave the possibility to have children and wish to have a child who had never givenbirth or had given birth, has never been pregnant or who have ever been pregnantor had had children before the last five years and does not use contraception inthe period. Factors that cause secondary infecundity largely accounts for thesame factors that cause infertility. The impact due to the occurrence of secondaryinfekundity are psychological disorders, social and economic. The researchmethod used is cross sectional using data from Indonesian Demographic andHealth Survey 2012. Study population are Woman at Childbearing Age. Thenumber of samples as many as 27414 (85.03%) experienced fecundity and 4826(14.97 %) experienced secondary infecundity. Data was analyzed by univariate,bivariate and logistic regression multivariable. Result showed accordingly fromthe highest prevalence are Papua (31.39 %), Aceh (23.23 %) and West Papua(20.75 %). Logistic regression analysis showed determinant of secondaryinfekundity accordingly in Indonesia are age, smoking, socio-economic,employment, history of miscarriage, education, age at first sexual intercourse,and parity"

"Secara global lebih dari 700 wanita menikah diusia dini, jika kecenderungan ini terus berlanjut, diperkirakan pada tahun 2030 akan meningkat menjadi 950 juta kasus. Pernikahan dini merupakan penyebab buruknya kesehatan reproduksi di Indonesia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan usia pertama menikah dengan keluaran kesehatan reproduksi. Sumber data penelitian menggunakan data sekunderICMM endline tahun 2016 di enam kabupaten provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Desain yang digunakan adalah cross sectional. Populasi Penelitian adalah seluruh wanita usia subur yang telah menikah usia 15-49 tahun. Sampel adalah WUS yang memiliki riwayat menikah usia 10-35 tahun dengan jumlah 14.498 responden. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square dan multivariate model faktor resiko regresi logistik ganda. Variabel independen penelitian adalah usia pertama menikah dan control adalah usia saat ini, pendidikan, pekerjaan, wilayah tempat tinggal dan status social ekonomi sebagai kontrol. Variabel dependen terdiri dari lima keluaran kesehatan reproduksi.Hasil uji menunjukan 50,9 perempuan di NTB menikah diusia dini. Hasil analisismembuktikan ada hubungan usia kawin pertama dengan jumlah anak yang dilahirkan pvalue 0,0001 OR 4,08 95 CI 3,70-4,48 , ada hubungan signifikan usia kawin pertama dengan kejadian anak lahir mati p value 0,0001 OR 1,46 95 CI 1,16-1,85. Hubungan signifikan antara usia kawin pertama dengan jumlah anak yang dimiliki p value 0,0001,OR 3,49 95 CI 3,17-3,84, terdapat hubungan signifikan antara usia kawin pertamadengan penggunaan KB ditahun pertama menikah p value 0,0001 OR 1,26 95 CI 1,18-1,36. Usia kawin pertama tidak berhubungan dengan kejadian keguguran p value 0,25. Hasil membuktikan bahwa pernikahan dini sebagai faktor resiko buruknya keluaran kesehatan reproduksi. Peningkatan pendidikan akan menurunkan resiko perilaku menikah diusia dini, sehingga tercapai kesehatan reproduksi yang aman.

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Globally more than 700 married women are at an early age, if this trend continues, it is estimated that by 2030 it will increase to 950 million cases. Early marriage is the cause of poor reproductive health in Indonesia. The research aimed tofind out the relationship of early marriage with reproductive health outcomes. Sources of research data using endear ICMM secondary data in 2016 in six districts of West Nusa Tenggara province. The design used is cross sectional. Research population is all women of reproductive age who have married aged 15 49 years. Samples are women ofchild bearing age who have a married history aged 10 35 years with the number of14,498 respondents. Data were analyzed using chi square and multivariate test of multiple logistic regression risk factor model. Independent variable of research is the age of first marriage consists of young married age and ideal age. Current age, education, occupation, residence area and socio economic status as control. The dependent variable consists of five reproductive health outcomes. The results showed50.9 of women in West Nusa Tenggara were married at an early age. The result of the analysis proves that there is a relationship of first married age with number of live birth children p value 0,0001 OR 4,08 95 CI 3,70 4,48, there is significant correlation of first marriage age with incidence of still born child. p value 0,0001 OR 1.46 95 CI1.16 1,85. Significant relation between first marriage age and number of children owned p value 0,0001, OR 3,49 95 CI 3,17 3,84, there is a significant correlation between first married age with use of family planning in the first year of marriage value 0.0001 OR 1.26 95 CI 1.18 1.36 The first marriage age was not associated with the incidence of miscarriage p value 0.25. The results prove that early marriageas a risk factor for poor reproductive health outcomes. education and maturity of marriage age will reduce the risk of married behavior at early age, so as to achieve safe reproductive health."

"Integrated Health Post for Child Health (Posyandu) has been endorsed since 1984 as a community based health program in Indonesia. Despite its potential in improving child health outcomes, evidence related to its current implementation is lacking. This study aimed to explore the current implementation of posyandu in the country. Data of 638 posyandu surveyed in the 5th wave of Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS 5) located in urban and rural areas were analyzed, applying chi square and independent t-test method. Posyandu surveyed run a number of activities (mean type of activities=8.1 in rural vs. 7.4 in urban areas, p <0.001), focusing on weight monitoring, supplementary food provision, and vitamin A supplementation. Approximately 38% of Community Health Workers (CHWs) has never been trained in posyandus management nor child health care. Financial barriers, medicine and equipment supplies, and location to conduct posyandus activities remained as challenges in the implementation. While posyandu has been implemented for decades, the study found that its implementation has not been optimal. Actions should be taken to improve posyandus implementation. These include strengthening collaboration to address the problems and improving CHWs activities. "