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"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adaptasi penyelenggara Haji dan Umrah di Indonesia terhadap kebijakan Visi 2030 Arab Saudi. Ibadah Haji dan Umrah merupakan ritual yang sangat diminati masyarakat Indonesia, negara dengan populasi Muslim terbesar di dunia. Indonesia termasuk dalam tiga besar negara pengirim jamaah terbanyak ke Arab Saudi. Sebagai respon atas peningkatan kebutuhan layanan, Pemerintah Saudi memberlakukan sejumlah regulasi terkait digitalisasi, peningkatan standar pelayanan, dan efisiensi operasional, yang memengaruhi penyelenggaraan Haji dan Umrah secara global. Di Indonesia, pemerintah dan penyelenggara perjalanan ibadah Haji dan Umrah (PHU) harus menyesuaikan diri dengan aturan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif melalui wawancara dan studi literatur untuk menganalisis implementasi kebijakan Visi 2030 pada layanan Haji dan Umrah. Studi kasus dilakukan pada PT Albis Nusa Wisata, yang mengadopsi strategi diversifikasi layanan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan para jamaah yang semakin beragam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regulasi Visi 2030 berdampak signifikan pada aspek administratif dan pengalaman pelanggan. Penyelenggara harus beradaptasi melalui inovasi teknologi, peningkatan kualitas pelayanan, dan efisiensi proses. Temuan ini memberikan wawasan penting bagi PHU dalam menyusun strategi yang sesuai dengan regulasi Visi 2030, guna meningkatkan kepuasan para jamaah dan keberlanjutan operasional.

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This research is motivated by the adaptation of Hajj and Umrah organizers in Indonesia to the Vision 2030 policy of Saudi Arabia. Hajj and Umrah are highly sought-after rituals among Indonesians, as the country has the largest Muslim population in the world. Indonesia ranks among the top three countries sending the most pilgrims to Saudi Arabia. In response to increasing service demands, the Saudi government has implemented regulations related to digitalization, enhanced service standards, and operational efficiency, which have globally impacted the organization of Hajj and Umrah. In Indonesia, the government and Hajj and Umrah service providers (PHU) are required to align with these regulations. This study employs a qualitative descriptive method through interviews and literature reviews to analyze the implementation of Vision 2030 policies in Hajj and Umrah services. A case study was conducted on PT Albis Nusa Wisata, which has adopted service diversification strategies to meet the increasingly diverse needs of pilgrims. The findings reveal that Vision 2030 regulations have significantly influenced administrative aspects and customer experience. Service providers must adapt through technological innovation, quality service improvement, and process efficiency. These findings offer valuable insights for PHU in formulating strategies aligned with Vision 2030 regulations to enhance pilgrim satisfaction and ensure operational sustainability."

"Embargo Arab Saudi, Uni Emirat Arab, Bahrain, dan Mesir terhadap Qatar pada 5 Juni 2017 telah merugikan pihak Qatar dan memecah stabilitas GCC'. 'Terlibatnya Iran dan Turki di sisi Qatar membuat perpecahan GCC tidak dapat dihindari. Krisis ini sejatinya dipicu oleh anggapan Arab Saudi bahwa Qatar telah mendukung gerakan teroris yang membuat Arab Saudi mengundang seluruh negara GCC untuk memblokade Qatar, namun diantara negara-negara Teluk, Kuwait adalah satu-satunya negara yang menolak embargo tersebut dan memilih netral, bahkan memediasi krisis. Alasan penolakan Kuwait atas embargo Arab Saudi dan kepentingan Kuwait atas krisis akan dianalisis menggunakan teori neorealisme dan konsep hedging. Penulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif-analitis. Menurut neorealist, netralitas dan mediasi Kuwait dalam krisis Teluk 2017 karena Kuwait ingin “survive” di GCC dan kawasan, mengingat ketrelibatkan Iran di sisi Qatar sedangkan Kuwait tidak ingin berkonflik dengan Iran. Berdasarkan strategi 'hedging', Kuwait melakukan 'indirect balancing' terhadap Arab Saudi seperti menolak pakta keamanan GCC 1981, menolak mengirim pasukan ke Bahrain 2011, dan menantang Saudi mengembangkan zona ekonomi di lima pulau yang melibatkan kehadiran Iran. Kuwait juga melakukan 'engagement' terhadap Qatar dengan memediasi krisis di Qatar pada 2014 dan 2017.

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The Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt embargoes against Qatar on June 5, 2017 have harmed the Qatari side and have broken the stability of the GCC. The involvement of Iran and Turkey on the Qatari side has made GCC fragments unavoidable. This crisis was actually triggered by Saudi Arabia's perception that Qatar had supported a terrorist movement that made Saudi Arabia invite all GCC countries to blockade Qatar, but among the Gulf countries, Kuwait is the only country that rejects the embargo and chooses neutral, even mediating the crisis.The reasons for Kuwait's rejection of the Saudi Arabian embargo and Kuwait's interest in the crisis will be analyzed using the theory of neorealism and hedging concepts.

This writing uses a qualitative approach with descriptive-analytical analysis. The neorealist, neutrality and mediation of Kuwait in the 2017 Gulf crisis because Kuwait wants to "survive" in the GCC and the region, given Iran's involvement on the Qatar side while Kuwait does not want to conflict with Iran. Based on the hedging strategy, Kuwait undertakes indirect balancing of Saudi Arabia such as rejecting a security pact GCC 1981, refused send troops to Bahrain 2011, and challenge the Saudis to develop economic zones on five islands involving Iran's presence. Kuwait also engaged Qatar with mediating the crisis in Qatar in 2014 and 2017."

"Kebijakan moratorium yang melarang pengiriman Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI) ke negara Arab Saudi diberlakukan akibat maraknya permasalahan yang dialami PMI di negara tersebut. Tujuan kebijakan ini sebagai upaya pemerintah dalam melindungi PMI serta memperbaiki sistem yang berlaku. Setelah diberlakukan pada tahun 2015, terdapat pengiriman PMI secara nonprosedural ke Arab Saudi dan terindikasi sebagai kejahatan perdagangan manusia. Dalam penulisan ini digunakan kerangka hukum internasional terkait perdagangan manusia dan konsep criminogenic asymmetries dalam mengidentifikasi kejahatan perdagangan manusia terhadap PMI nonprosedural pasca moratorium beserta penyebabnya. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis data sekunder dan pengumpulan data diperoleh dari sumber laporan, penelitian terdahulu dan berita, serta wawancara singkat. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa pengiriman PMI nonprosedural merupakan perdagangan manusia dan disebabkan oleh asimetri antarnegara yang kriminogenik akibat difasilitasi dorongan untuk melakukan kejahatan, tersedianya keuntungan atas tindakan tersebut, dan kemampuan untuk melemahkan pengendalian sosial.

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The moratorium policy that bans the sending of Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) to Saudi Arabia was enacted due to the widespread problems experienced by PMI in the country. The purpose of this policy is the government's effort to protect migrant workers and improve the existing system. After it was implemented in 2015, there were non-procedural sending of migrant workers to Saudi Arabia and indicated as a crime of human trafficking. This paper uses the international legal framework related to human trafficking and the concept of criminogenic asymmetries to identify human trafficking crimes against non-procedural migrant workers after the moratorium and their causes. The method used is secondary data analysis and data collection is obtained from reports, previous research and news sources, and also conducted brief interviews. The results found that the sending of non-procedural migrant workers constitutes human trafficking and is caused by criminogenic asymmetries between countries due to the facilitation of the urge to commit crimes, the availability of benefits for such actions, and the ability to weaken social control."

"Since implementing the decentralization mechanism back in 2001, Indonesia's regionsl province/district/cities have been mushroomed. Having rapid changes in its administrative system has brought may implicationa on how the urban development policy shapes the change of the livelihood. Some of the scholars argue that decentralization process would bring negative aspects. First, the decentralization has brought local government as rent-seeking actors. The second aspect is related to weak government institutions. Third, the decentralization policy has beeb seen as uneven in character, Fourth, decentralization has null effects on urban development....."