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"This research analyses utterances produced by English speakers who interact via computers in chat rooms, chat.yahoo.com. This study is aimed at investigating how the participants interact and develop topics under computer-mediated constraints.The data consist of corpus containing sequenced-postings produced by multi-participants in Lobby, part of the chat room regarded as a public domain. Conversation Analysis Model introduced by Birmingham School was used for data analysis.The findings of the study show that the chat has some unique features, which are different from the features of interaction in face-to-face conversation. Those unique features decrease the coherence of the interaction. The linearity of the sequence is disrupted by the presence of initiation without responses and the presence of multi-responses for one initiation. Then, the unity of the interaction is loosened by the absence of organizational exchanges or the presence of less discourse markers tying up explicitly the interaction units in each rank of the interaction. After that, the immediacy relationship between elements of adjacency pairs is loosened by the presence of other utterances between them. Finally, the structure of the utterance is loosened by the fragmentation of the utterance into smaller units and the positioning of those units in the different postings.The chat has several unique features of interaction strategies that may decrease the coherence of the interaction and differ them from those in face-to-face interaction. First, the one person speak in one time rule is not applicable in the chat since who is currently speaking cannot be identified. Second, the competitive nature of the interaction requires an adjustment of the strategy for managing the turn. It is not necessary for the chatters to hold the turn; instead they have to send repetitive postings to maintain their presence. Finally, turn-taking strategies are very limited in the chat interaction. The strategy for taking the turn is limited to clean strategy and the strategy for yielding the turn is limited to the use of selection (turn design) and give-up strategies.The topic introduction and closing in the chat is not so different from those in the face-to-face interaction. The topic development displays unique structure, in that the chat may produce parallel topics. The parallel topic is resulted by the introduction of a new sub-topic while the discussion of the existing topic still in progress. Another specification of topic development is the rapid progress of the topic change in the chat.The uniqueness of the interaction and topic development in the chat is attributable to the lack of physical presence and voice as well as to the machine related constraints.(For further information about this dissertation, contact: hamzahhs@yahoo.com)"

"The aim of this study is to reveal and explain the paradigmatic sense relations of identity, inclusion, and oppositeness in the Arabic language. In this study I will attempt to see this paradigmatic sense relations of the Arabic language from the tradition of Arabic semantics and Western tradition point of view as well in order to see to what extent the tradition of the Arabic semantics could be related to the non-Arabic semantics (Western semantics).In this study I will follow the theories and views presented by the Arabic experts in semantics who have already studied about the paradigmatic sense relations namely Anis (1965), Ya?cob (1982), Umar (1982), Al-dayah (1986), and Abu Syarif (1982). Besides, I will also follow theories that are related to the discussion from the non-Arabic experts in semantics namely Lehrer (1974), Leech (1977), Palmer (1983), Lyons (1996), and Cruse (2004).We use the fusha Arabic language used in the Holy Qur'an as resources of data. The research method used to analyze resources of data is analysis of meaning relation used by either Arabic or non-Arabic experts in semantics.The study about meaning relation of identity or synonymy (Al-tara: duf) shows that the relation in the Arabic language has not been classified in detail since in the tradition of the Arabic semantics, synonymy is only seen from the motivation point of view. Meanwhile, classification from the level of similarity is not done (for example absolute synonymy, prepositional synonymy, and near synonymy) such as classified by Cruse (2004). However, in the tradition of Arabic semantics, there is a term called Al-?itnab, the meaning strengthening by giving a long statement, as a part of the study of Al-bala:gah This is actually a part of Arabic synonymy.During this time, in the tradition of the Arabic semantics, the study about paradigmatic relations of inclusion and the study of synonymy in the Arabic language overlaps one another. Meanwhile, hyponymy and meronymy as a subclassification of inclusion relation are not found in the Arabic semantics. Paradigmatic relations of inclusion in the Arabic semantics appears in the form Al-?it-nab, either as a form of hyponymy or meronymy.The study about paradigmatic relations of opposition (Al tada:d) in the Arabic language such as synonymy is only seen from the motivation point of view. By following the Western theories, relations of opposition in the Arabic language can appears in the form of complementary opposites, antonymy opposites, and directional opposites. To analyze relations of opposite, the tradition of Arabic semantics refers to what is called al-di:d or contranymy. Beside Al-di:d, contranymy in the Arabic language appears in the form of Al-tagli:b, contranymy that has dualis grammar. Besides, the tradition of Arabic semantics has the use of opposite relation in a verse of the Holy Qur'an, namely Al-tiba:q and Al-muqa:balah Al- tiba:q is a contrast pair that appears at the same time in a verse of the Holy Qur'an. Meanwhile, Al-muga:balah is a contrast that appears in the beginning of a sentence and another contrast appears as a balance of the contrast of the first sentence."

"Pandemi COVID-19 memiliki peran besar dalam perubahan aktivitas di seluruh dunia. Akibatnya, muncul aktivitas-aktivitas baru yang melahirkan istilah-istilah baru yang digunakan oleh Belanda. Ton Den Boon mengumpulkan kata-kata dalam kamus berjudul Coronawoordenboek yang berisi 51 tren bahasa dan 1064 lemma yang di dalamnya terdapat berbagai macam kosakata baru termasuk verba. Peneliti melakukan analisis bidang semantik oleh Jost Trier (1931) dengan bantuan alat anotasi semantis yang disebut USAS. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk melihat makna verba dan ranah semantik mana yang paling diprioritaskan oleh Belanda selama masa pandemi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat beberapa ranah semantik verba seperti Kesehatan dan penyakit; Obat-obatan dan perawatan medis; Kebersihan dan perawatan diri; Kejahatan, hukum, dan ketertiban: Hukum & Ketertiban; Hiburan secara umum; Kehidupan dan makhluk hidup; Pengukuran: Volume; Pendidikan secara umum; Komunikasi; dan Tindak tutur. Dari bidang-bidang tersebut, bidang ‘Komunikasi’ membawahi jumlah verba yang paling banyak, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa di masa pandemi, masyarakat Belanda memiliki lebih banyak cara dalam berkomunikasi."