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"Sesajen adalah salah satu komponen terpenting di setiap upacara, termasuk upacara penetapan Sīma, yaitu upacara yang dilakukan sebagai peresmian perubahan status dari desa milik raja menjadi desa yang otonom. Penelitian ini membahas seputar bagaimana sesajen digunakan untuk media komunikasi antara manusia dengan dewa dalam upacara penetapan Sīma, termasuk: jenis-jenisnya, cara penyajiannya, dan orang-orang yang terlibat dalam penyajian sesajen. Secara umum penelitian dilakukan menggunakan tiga tahap: pengumpulan, pengolahan, dan interpretasi data. Data primer untuk penelitian ini berasal dari prasasti keluaran abad 8-10 M. Jenis sesajen dikategorikan menjadi tiga: flora dan fauna, logam, dan lainnya. Sesajen dipersembahkan ke tiga ikon yang menjadi representasi para dewa: lingga, yoni, dan api. Berdasarkan perlengkapan dan jenis sesajen yang digunakan, dapat dikatakan bahwa upacara penetapan Sīma pada masa ini bukanlah jenis upacara yang dilaksanakan dengan aturan yang sangat rigid. Sesajen dan runtutan upacara di beberapa prasasti tidak semuanya sama. Meskipun keseluruhan sesajennya ditujukan kepada dewa-dewi Hindu, namun bangunan suci yang diresmikan dengan upacara sīma tidak semuanya Hindu. Hal ini dapat menunjukkan adanya pluralisme dalam kehidupan beragama di masa Jawa Kuno.

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Sesajen (offerings) is one of the most essential thing in every religious ceremony, including a sīma ceremony. Sīma ceremony is a ceremony to celebrate the changing status of land from king-owned land to an autonomous land. Sesajen in this ceremony used as a medium between humans and spirit powers in the form of offering. The main concern of this research is how sesajen were presented as an offering for the spirits in sīma ceremony. This also include types of sesajen, people who involved in presenting sesajen, and the spirits whom they worship. This research also was done in three steps: collecting data, processing data, and interpretation. Primary data for this research is Old Javanese inscriptions especially from 8th to 10th century. Based on its materials, sesajen were divided into three: natural-based, metal tools, and others. These sesajen would be offered to these three entitites as manifestation of Gods: Sang Hyang Watu Sīma, representated with the lingga stone; Sang Hyang Kulumpang, representated with the yoni stone; and Sang Hyang Brahma, representated with fire. These entities were named as “Sang Hyang” which mean “the deity” in Sanskrit. There’s no standard provision for sesajen offering. So, the amount and variety of sesajen offering were varied in each ceremony. Sesajen offering in sima ceremony is a great example of how a religion practices and nature intertwined in ancient practices."

"Pada isi prasasti sima dari masa Jawa Kuna terdapat sapatha atau baris kutukan, yakni sebuah wacana yang berisikan seruan sumpah kepada dewa-dewa atau roh-roh agar memberikan perlindungan terhadap tanah sima yang ditetapkan oleh raja, beserta mantra kutukan bagi orang-orang yang berniat jahat terhadap tanah tersebut. Penelitian ini meneliti mengenai beberapa hewan yang disebutkan dalam sapatha prasasti sima sebagai ancaman bagi siapa yang melanggar, khususnya pada prasasti-prasasti sima yang berasal dari Kerajaan Mataram Kuno pada awal abad X Masehi. Penyebutan hewan dalam sapatha merupakan fenomena yang tidak biasa, jarang ditemui, namun ada di beberapa prasasti. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi ragam hewan yang disebutkan dalam bagian sapatha prasasti sima awal abad X Masehi, mengetahui alasan dipilihnya hewan-hewan tersebut, dan mengetahui kemungkinan adanya keterkaitan antara kuasa raja dengan penghukuman melalui fauna dalam sapatha prasasti sima. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian: tahap pengumpulan data yang merupakan tahap pengumpulan semua sumber data yang dibutuhkan, tahap pemrosesan data yang merupakan tahap pemrosesan dan penganalisisan semua data, dan tahap interpretasi data yang merupakan tahap pengaitan semua data yang sudah diproses dengan konsep pengetahuan yang diusulkan, yakni teori kekuasaan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hewan dalam sapatha merupakan hewan buas serta dianggap suci. Tujuannya sebagai pemberat bahwa sapatha adalah alat kontrol sosial beserta cerminan kuasa raja yang dilakukan raja dengan menggunakan pendekatan ketakutan berbasiskan pengendalian pikiran atas lingkungan sekitar ditambah dengan pengetahuan beberapa binatang yang telah dikenal dalam konsep religi Hinduisme serta kebudayaan lokal yang dipakai agar tidak ada pihak yang berbuat diluar perintah raja.

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On sima inscriptions from Ancient Javanese era, there is sapatha or cursing passage which is a small paragraph that consists of oaths to gods and deities to protect the land of sima that had been established by the king, along with spells or curse that was addressed to wrongdoers. This research discusses about some animals that were mentioned in sapatha of the sima inscriptions, especially incriptions that dated from Ancient Mataram Kingdom on early 10th Century AD. This was quite rare and uncommon phenomenon but were available in some inscriptions. Aims of this research are to identify the variety of animals that is mentioned on Sapatha of Sima Inscriptions from Ancient Mataram Kingdom on early 10th Century AD, to discover the reasons behind the chosen animals, and to know the possibility if there was a connection between the power of king and the chosen animals. Research method that is used: first, data-gathering step which collects all the data needed, data-processing step which analyzes all data that has been collected, data-interpreting step which all the data that has been analyzed be interpreted under the power-relation concept. The result of this research shows that animals are categorized as wild and sacred animals. The aim mentioning these animals is to emphasize that sapatha is a tool for controlling society and showing king’s power by using fear-based on mind-control over the environment approach added with the knowledge of the animals on Hinduisme and local belief concept so that no one will disobey the king"

"The end of a nineteeth century witnessed paradox among the Chinese in colonial Java. On one hand, they were prospering economically, but were nonetheless held in contempt b the Dutch, encountered legal discrimination and faced challenges if they wanted to educate their childern in European schools. Their marginal position motivated them do their utmost to become "civilized subject", on a par with Europeans, but they were also inspired to reinvent their Chinese identity. This contribution will highlight role olayed by "enlightened" Chinese, the kaoem moeda bangsa Tjina. Central to this movement were the Chinese girl know to the public as bangsawan prampoewan (the noblewomen) who wrote letters the newspaper and creating a gendered public sphere. They also perfomed western classical music in public. Considering the inspirational impact of bangsawan prampoewan's enlightning achievements on non-Chinese women, it is appropriate to include them into the narrative of the history of the nation;s women;s movements."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang pengelolaan transportasi air kuna berdasarkan tinjauan atas sumber-sumber prasasti, khususnya pada abad X sampai XV Masehi di Jawa Timur. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan dan lapangan. Data kepustakaan diperoleh melalui penelaahan terhadap sejumlah buku, jurnal ilmiah, naskah asing, dan hasil-hasil penelitian yang berhubungan dengan prasasti-prasasti di Jawa Timur. Data lapangan berupa foto-foto relief candi sebagai pembanding. Data tersebut dikumpulkan, diolah, dan dikelompokan berdasarkan aspek-aspek transportasi. Hasilnya berupa gambaran mengenai sistem pengelolaan transportasi air pada abad X sampai XV Masehi di Jawa Timur.This study discusses about the ancient water transportation management based on inscriptions as its main source, especially in the tenth until the fifteenth century AD in East Java. Informations for this research were obtained from literatures and field observations. Literature informations were obtained through reviews of several books, scholarly journals, foreign manuscripts, and research reports related to the inscriptions in East Java. Field data were obtained through observations by making photographs to use as a comparison. The data were collected, processed, and sorted based on transportation aspects. The result is a description of the water transportation management system in the tenth until the fifteenth century AD in East Java."