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"Latar Belakang: Pekerja kantor dengan komputer berisiko untuk mengalami nyeri leher dan bahu. Bila nyeri leher dan bahu ini tidak ditangani dengan baik akan dapat mengganggu aktivitas pekerja baik di tempat kerja maupun di luar pekerjaan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu penanganan yang tepat pada kasus nyeri leher dan bahu ini. Laporan ini dibuat untuk memperoleh bukti apakah latihan leher dan bahu efektif dalam mengurangi nyeri leher dan bahu pada pekerja kantor dengan komputer.Metode: Pencarian literatur dilakukan secara online dengan menggunakan database Pubmed dan Cohrane library. Judul dan abstrak yang didapatkan kemudian ditapis berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Telaah kritis dilakukan dengan menggunakan kriteria oleh Center-for Evidence Based Medicine, University of Oxford yang mencakup validity, importance dan applicability.Hasil: Didapatkan enam artikel yang relevan. Semua studi merupakan randomized controlled trial. Secara keseluruhan semua studi cukup valid, walaupun ada studi yang memiliki angka drop-out yang tinggi. Dari enam studi, aspek importance hanya dapat dinilai pada tiga studi karena tidak diketahui berapa effect size pada tiga studi lainnya. Pada tiga studi yang dapat dinilai aspek importance, walaupun ada hasil yang menunjukkan efek perbaikan yang bermakna secara statistik, namun efeknya secara klinis hanya minimal sampai sedang. Oleh karena tingkat kepentingannya yang rendah, maka tidak dilanjutkan lagi penilaian applicability.Kesimpulan: Belum ditemukan bukti yang cukup kuat bahwa latihan leher dan bahu efektif dalam mengurangi nyeri leher dan bahu pada pekerja kantor dengan komputer. Oleh karena itu kita belum dapat menyarankan latihan leher dan bahu ini sebagai terapi untuk mengurangi nyeri leher dan bahu pada pekerja kantor dengan komputer.

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Background: Computer office workers are at risk to have neck and shoulder pain. If neck and shoulder pain is not controlled properly, it can disrupt the worker?s activities both at work and outside work. Therefore proper treatment is needed for neck and shoulder pain. This report aims to obtain evidence whether neck and shoulder training is effective in reducing neck and shoulder pain among computer office workers.

Method: A literature search was conducted online using database of Pubmed and Cochrane library. Titles and abstracts were obtained and then screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Critical appraisal was conducted using criteria by Center-for Evidence Based Medicine, University of Oxford include validity, importance and applicability.

Results: Six articles were found to be relevant. All studies are randomized controlled trials. Overall, all studies are quite valid although there are studies which have high drop-out rate. From six studies, aspect of importance only can be assessed in three studies because the effect size in three other studies was unknown. In the three studies where aspect of importance could be assessed, although there are outcomes that were statistically significant, the clinically improvement were only minimal to moderate. Because the level of importance is low, assesment of applicability was not conducted.

Conclusion: No sufficient evidence was found that neck and shoulder training is effective in reducing neck and shoulder pain among computer office workers. Therefore neck and shoulder training as therapy for reducing neck and shoulder pain among computer office workers can not be recommended."

"Saliva is essential for preservation of oral health. It aids in preparation of the initial food bolus, assist in taste and swallowing, and lubricates the oral mucosa. In addition it has antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. Consequently, salivary gland dysfunction can lead to complaints of oral dryness (xerostomia). Diseases of the thyroid gland, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and their treatment have also been suggested to cause salivary gland dysfunction. In addition head and neck radiation therapy, treatment for head and neck cancers can cause irreversible salivary gland function. This case study, reported one patient with thyroid cancer in which the thyroid gland has been removed and received head and neck radiation therapy."

"Gen P53 atau TP53 merupakan gen yang memicu pembentukan protein tumor p53 yang berfungsi sebagai tumor suppressor. Polimorfisme genetik p53 berpengaruh terhadap erjadinya kanker kepala dan leher (KKL). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi keterkaitan antara polimorfisme gen p53 dengan kanker kepala dan leher di Indonesia. Analisis dengan PCR-RFLP (enzim BstUI) pada 50 sampel penderita KKL dan 50 sampel non KKL untuk melihat polimorfisme gen p53. Persentase distribusi genotip polimorfisme P53 pada sampel KKL sebesar 70% dan pada sampel non KKL sebesar 58%. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada distribusi genotip polimorfisme gen p53 antara penderita KKL dengan non KKL (p value = 0.004).

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The gene P53 or TP53 is a gene that targets the formation of p53 tumor protein that functions as a tumor suppressor. Genetic polymorphism of p53 gene has been associated with the development of head and neck cancer. This study aims to identify the relationship between p53 gene polymorphism with head and neck cancer in Indonesia. Analysis with PCR-RFLP (BstUI enzyme) in 50 samples of head and neck cancer patients and 50 control samples to see p53 gene polymorphism. The percentage of polymorphic genotype in HNC samples is 70% and in non HNC is 58%. There are significant differences in the genotype distribution of p53 gene polymorphisms between HNC patients and non-HNC patients (p value = 0.004)."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 362-367Information on reliable factors to predict patient outcome is important for deciding upon the best treatment to increase loco-regional control, overall survival and quality of life of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of clinico-pathological parameters as predictors of disease recurrence in patients with HNSCC. We studied fifty patients who were seeking treatment for primary HNSCC in Westmead Hospital between 2002-2004. Univariate analysis was used to identify any significant association between clinico-pathological parameters and disease recurrence. It was showed that age (p=0.008), cTNM stage (p=0.02), size of tumour (p=0.009) and positive tumour margin (p=0.002) predicted the risk of the development of disease recurrence. In agreement with other studies we found that some traditional factors influenced disease recurrence. A longer follow-up study should be performed to assess the significance of these factors on overall survival as well as separate studies on prognostic indicators for patients with histologically negative lymph node."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 421-426Temporomandibular joint disorder may be caused by variety of factors; one of which is the posture of head and neck. However, the remains controversial and a subject of debate by experts. The objective of this study was to know whether there was a relation between temporomandibular disorders and the head and neck posture seen radiographically. Subject were 40 dental students from University of Indonesia who met the inclusion criteria, selected through questionnaire, and subjective examinations based on Helkimo's dysfuction index. Then, lateral cephalometries radiographic were done to all subjects. In the radiogram, a horizontal line was made from the nasion point to the sella tursica, and a vertical line was drawn along the prominent bone of C1 - C5. The angle between the two lines was measured, and used to represent the head and neck posture. The design of the study was cross sectional. Based on statistical analysis, there was no significant relationship between the anamnestic dysfunction index as well as the clinical dysfunction index that represented the temporomandibular joint disorders and the posture of head and neck seen radiographically."