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"Abstract:Most analysts agree that Turkey's foreign policy is essentially peaceful, using diplomacy and multilateralism in the resolution of its conflicts with other states. Here, Umut Uzer offers a necessary corrective to this standard analysis by revealing the Kemalist influence in Turkey's state ideology. This defined the identity of the state as Turkish, resulting in responsibilities towards Turks residing beyond its borders, and a more engaged foreign policy that ranged from declarations of support for ethnic kin outside Turkey to outright takeover of territory."

"After the Second World War, Turkey and Egypt were among the most dynamic actors in the Middle East. Their 1950s foreign policies presented a puzzle, however: Turkey's Democrat Party pursued NATO membership and sponsored the pro-Western Baghdad Pact regionally, while Egypt's Free Officers promoted neutralism and pan-Arab alliances. This book asks why: what explains this divergence in a shared historical space? Rethinking foreign policy as an important site for the realisation of nationalist commitments, Abou-El-Fadl finds the answer in the contrasting nation making projects pursued by the two leaderships, each politicised differently through experiences of war, imperialism and underdevelopment. Drawing on untapped Turkish and Arabic sources, and critically engaging with theories of postcolonial nationalism, she emphasises local actors' agency in striving to secure national belonging, sovereignty and progress in the international field. Her analysis sheds light on the contemporary legacies of the decade which cemented Turkey's position in the Western Bloc and Egypt's reputation as Arab leader."

"Sejak Republik Turki terbentuk, Turki selalu mengidentifikasi dirinya sebagai bagian dari Barat. Hal ini berdampak pada perumusan politik luar negeri yang berorientasi Barat, dengan menjadi bagian dari berbagai perkembangan politik internasional Barat. Pemerintahan Turki saat ini, yang dipimpin oleh Adelet ve Kalkιnma Partisi (AKP), menunjukkan adanya kontradiksi terhadap tradisi politik luar negeri Turki. Dalam periode pertama kepemimpinannya (2002- 2007), AKP menjadikan isu integrasi Uni Eropa sebagai prioritas utama dalam politik luar negerinya. Namun kemudian, dalam periode kedua kepemimpinannya (2007 dan seterusnya), AKP mulai secara berani menunjukkan keterlibatan aktifnya dalam berbagai isu di Timur Tengah dan juga kawasan lain, mulai dari Afrika hingga Amerika Latin. Perubahan ini terjadi dalam satu rezim kepemimpinan, sehingga memunculkan perdebatan mengapa hal ini dapat terjadi. Dengan mengkaji tulisan berbagai pengamat (Turki dan non-Turki) mulai dari tahun 2007 yang memberikan pandangannya mengenai perubahan politik luar negeri Turki, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa perubahan politik luar negeri Turki di era AKP diartikan sebagai perubahan orientasi politik luar negeri dari Westernoriented ke self-oriented, yaitu pemusatan pertimbangan preferensi politik luar negeri ke arah internal Turki, dengan mengakui potensi yang dimiliki dan mengharmonisasikan faktor internal dan eksternal sambil beradaptasi dengan perkembangan sistem internasional. Perubahan ini disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor yang mencakup tiga level analisis (individu, negara, dan global) dalam tiga cakupan isu (keamanan, ekonomi, dan identitas) yang berpengaruh terhadap hubungan luar negeri Turki dan persepsi internasional terhadap Turki.

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Since the Republic is formed, Turkey has always been identifying itself as part of the West. This leads to the formulation of foreign policy which is Westernoriented, by involving in various Western international politics. The current regime, Adelet ve Kalkιnma Partisi (AKP), started to initiate some policies which are contradictive to the Turkey’s long-term foreign policy tradition. In the first period (2002-2007), AKP made European Union integrations as its foreign policy priority. Yet, in the second term (2007 onwards), AKP started to blatently involve in various issues in Middle East, and also other regions from Africa to Latin America. This phenomenon occurred in one regime that raised questions on why this change occurred. By analyzing various literatures written by Turkish and non- Turkish observers in 2007 onward, I argue that change in Turkey’s foreign policy in the AKP era should be understood as change in foreign policy orientation from Western-oriented to self-oriented, which means centralization of foreign policy preferences based on internal consideration through acknowledging self-potentials and harmonization of internal and external factors while adjusting to the changing international system. This change in Turkey's foreign policy is driven by various factors ranging from security, economy, and identity issue in three level of analysis (individual, state, and global) that affect Turkey’s foreign relations and international perception on Turkey."