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"ABSTRAKSweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum.This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation.Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Fiigari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The Ml plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed.The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the Ml generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400-500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800-1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200-300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mempelajari pengaruhiradiasi sinar gamma pada karakteristika kimia dan fisika vitamin D, minyak jagung dan campuran keduanya dengan dosis radiasi 0,10,20 dan 30 kGy dan penyimpanan 0,1,2 dan 3 bulan. Penyimpanan untuk minyak jagung dilaksanakan pada suhu kamar (29 ± 2 0C), sedang untuk vitamin D dan campurannya disimpan ditempat yang sejuk (± 15°C).Parameter yang diuji untuk minyak jagung meliputi bilangan asam, bilangan penyabunan, bilangan iod, bobot jenis, indeks bias, metil ester asam lemak dengan kromatografi Cairan-gas, kadar vitamin D . dengan spektrofotometer, titik lebur vitamin D dengan " Differential Thermal Analyzer " kestabilan vitamin D dan campurannya dengan kromatograf I cairan- cairan tekanan tinggi.Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa bilangan iod, bobotjenis, indeks bias dan metil ester asazu lemak dan minyak jagung tidak dipengaruhi.dosis radiasi dan penyimpanan. Iradiasi sampai 30 kGy memberikan pengaruh terhadap bilangan asam minyak jagung dan menurunkan kestabilan camnpuran. Penyimpanan member ikan pengaruh terhadap b ilangan penyabunan dan bilangan asam minyak jagung. Titik lebur, kadar dan kestabilan vitamin D menurun karena iradiasi sampai 30kGy dan penyimpanan saiapai 3 bulan.

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Studies on effect of irradiation by gamma rays on

chemical and physical characteristics of vitamine D, corn

oil and their mixture with radiation dose 0,10,20.and 30 kGy

respectively and storage for 0,1,2 and 3 months have been

done. Corn oil was stored at room temperature (29 ± 2°C)

while vitamine D and the mixture were in a cool place

(.± 15°C).

The parameter studied were acid value, saponification

value, iod value, 'density, refraction index, fatty acid metil

ester of corn oil with Gas Liquid Chromatography; vitamine

•D assays with Spectrophotometre; melting 'point of vitamine

D with Differential Thermal Analyzer where stability

of vitamine D and the mixture by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography.

The results obtained, didn't show any influence of

radiation dose and storage periode towards iod value, density,

refraction index and fatty acid meti1 ester of corn oil.

Irradiation dose up to 30 kGy affected the acid value of

corn oil and decreased the mixture stability, while storage

periode changed saponification and acid value of corn oil.

Irradiation dose up to 30 kGy and storage until 3 months reduced

melting point, stability and concentration of vitamine

D."

"Telah dilakukan pengukuran untuk menentukan OF berkas lapangan terbuka dan berkas filter wedge ternyata hasilnya tidak beda. Mengukur dosis primer tidak bisa dilakukan secara eksperimen melainkan secara teori, dengan cara ekstrapolasi kurva OF pada kedalaman 0,5 cm diperoleh sebesar 0,7066. Nilai PDD hasil pengukuran dari 0,5 cm sampai 20 cm tidak jauh berbeda dengan nilai yang berikan oleh BJR. Perbedaan keduanya berada dalam rentang -3,36% sampai 0,60%. Radiasi primer untuk kedalaman rendah ditentukan dengan pendekatan hubungan antara dosis relatif dengan luas lapangan sedangkan untuk kedalaman lebih tinggi dari 3 cm pendekatan dosis relative sebagai fungsi linier Z. Nilai PDD radiasi primer dibandingkan dengan nilai yang diberikan BJR dari 0,5 cm sampai 20 cm perbedaan dalam rentang -4,31% sampai 9,28%.

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A measurement has been performed to know the output factors for open and with wedge filters beams the result indicate the same value . Dose primary can?t measurement but just calculate and than primary OF from OF curve ekstrapolation for 0.5 cm deep are 0.7066. PDD value measurement for 0.5 cm to 20 cm there were not so difference value with PDD BJR. Both different are - 3.36% to 0.60%. Primary dose for less than 3 cm solution from dose relative linier with field size. If more than 3 cm solution from dose relative with Z. PDD primary dose compare with BJR for 0.5 cm to 20 cm are -4,31% to9,28%."

"Telah dibuat Automatisasi peralatan gamma scan berbasis computer. Peralatan ini dapat menggerakan detektor dan sumber radiasi secara manual atau automatis untuk keperluan pemeriksaan mal fungi pada kolom ataupun fasilitas lainnya dengan teknik gamma scan secara on-line. Automatic gamma scan yang telah dibuat menggunakan mikrokontroler sebagai pengendali utama dan ratemeter minekin seri 9302 sebagai pencacah radiasi. Peralatan ini dioperasikan dengan komputer sehingga data pengukuran dapat ditampilkan dalam bentuk grafik secara real-time dan data dapat dianalisis in-situ. Peralatan ini dapat digunakan untuk inspeksi kolom dengan jangkauan panjang tali sampai 100 m yang resolusi scan sebesar 2 s/d 167 step/m. Motor penggerak yang digunakan memiliki laju perpindahan sekitar 6 x 10-2 m/detik. Kesalahan mengidentifikasi posisi adalah 1,3 x 10-4%."

"Telah dilakukan pengukuran penumbra berkas radiasi pesawat Cobalt-60 tipe FCC 8000F dengan diameter sumber 2,3 cm menggunakan metoda radiografi dan ionometri untuk berbagai kondisi fantom/material penghambur dan juga variasi luas lapangan. Pengukuran gammagrafi pada dmaks dan lapangan 10,6 x10,6 cm menunjukkan lebar penumbra memiliki rentang 1,4 sampai 1,9 cm. Pengukuran dosis penumbra menggunakan bilik ionisasi berbentuk silinder pada kedalaman 10 cm dengan SSD 80 cm memberikan hasil bahwa dosis penumbra dipengaruhi oleh lapangan radiasi, dan homogenitas medium. Kehadiran aluminium (l=5cm) dengan diameter (1,5, 2,2 dan 2,5 cm) dalam medium air pada umumnya menurunkan dosis penumbra. Medium gabus dengan ketebalan semakin besar akan menghasilkan dosis penumbra semakin rendah sebaliknya untuk lapangan yang semakin besar, dosis penumbra yang dihasilkan semakin tinggi.

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Penumbra measurement has been done on Cobalt machine FCC 8000F with 2,3 cm diameter source using both gammagraphy and ionometry on several phantom condition, inserted absorber materials as well as different radiation fields. Gammagraphic measurement at dmax = 0.5 cm and 10.6 x 10.6 cm field showed penumbra in the range 0f 1.4-1.9 cm. Ionometric measurement at 10 cm depth showed strong effect of field size and inhomegeneity. Insertion of aluminum object (l=5 cm) with different diameter (1.5, 2.2 and 2.5 cm) caused decreasing penumbra dose. While on lung equivalent insertion material it tended to increase. Results in general showed the importance of extreme prudence in using such a large size Cobalt source for patient treatment."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk pemograman rekonstruksi citra dua dimensi gamma rays computed tomography single detector Metode atau algoritma yang digunakan dalam proses rekonstruksi filtered backprojection karena metode ini relatif mudah digunakan dan menghasilkan citra yang cukup akurat Metode ini menggunakan filter frekuensi untuk menghilangkan noise yang timbul saat pengambilan data Prinsip dasar dari metode ini adalah menjumlahkan dan memutar sejauh 180o atau 360o semua data proyeksi yang didapat dari hasil pengukuran yang sudah berbentuk sinogram dan juga telah melalui proses filterisasi Proses rekonstruksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan fungsi iradon dalam MATLAB Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah citra hasil rekonstruksi dalam bentuk dua dimensi dengan perbedaan warna grayscale yang mengandung nilai koefisen atenuasi linear dengan variasi metode interpolasi dan jenis filter yang digunakan

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This research has carried out to programming for image reconstruction two dimension for gamma rays computed tomography single detector The mtheode or algorithms that used to reconstructed image is filtered backprojection because this method is relative easier and build an image more accurate than the older methods This methode used frequencies filter to disapear noise when measurement process The basic principle of this methode is adding and rotate 180o or 360o all projection data that formed in sinogram and have passed filtering process This process used iradon function that include in MATLAB The result of this research is an image as reconstruction result in two dimensional with grayscale colour which contain linear atenuation coeficien data with varian in interpolation methode and kind of filters"

"Pengawetan dengan iradiasi sinar gamma diketahui dapat membuat kandungan produk tetap terjaga dan juga terbebas dari kontaminasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi efek iradiasi gamma terhadap aktivitas antioksidan, kadar fenol total dan kadar flavonoida total serbuk herba Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan menggunakan metode peredaman radikal DPPH, uji kadar fenol total menggunakan metode kolorimetri dengan reagen Folin-Ciocalteu dan uji kadar flavonoida total menggunakan metode kolorimetri AlCl3 dan natrium asetat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis iradiasi 5 kGy dan 7,5 kGy tidak menyebabkan perubahan secara signifikan (p>0,05) pada kadar fenol total, kadar flavonoida total dan aktivitas antioksidan. Sedangkan dosis iradiasi 2,5 kGy dan10 kGy menyebabkan perubahan secara signifikan (p<0,05) pada kadar fenol total dan kadar flavonoida total. Akan tetapi pada dosis iradiasi 2,5 kGy, aktivitas antioksidan tidak mengalami perubahan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa iradiasi sinar gamma pada dosis 5 dan 7,5 kGy dapat digunakan untuk serbuk herba Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth karena tidak mempengaruhi aktivitas antioksidan, kadar fenol total dan kadar flavonoida total secara signifikan (p>0,05). Aktivitas antioksidan memiliki korelasi dengan kadar fenol total tetapi aktivitas antioksidan tidak berkorelasi dengan kadar flavonoida total.

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Preservation using gamma ray irradiation is known to preserve the content of the products and saving the products from contamination. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of gamma ray irradiation of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herb powder on its antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The evaluation of antioxidant activity have been done by DPPH radical scavenging methode, evaluation of total phenolic content with colorimetry methode using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and evaluation of total flavonoid content with colorymetry methode using AlCl3 and sodium acetate. The result shows that, at irradiation dose 5 and 7,5 kGy, there is no significant change (p<0,05) for total phenolic content, total flavanoid content and antioxidant activity. But at irradiation dose of 2,5 and 10 kGy, there were significant change (p<0,05) in total phenolic content and total flavonoid content compared to control (non-irradiated). Meanwhile antioxidant activity doesn’t change significantly at dose 2,5 kGy. It can be concluded that gamma ray irradiation at dose 5 and 7,5 kGy can be use for Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herb because it shows no significant effect (p>0,05) on antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and also total flavonoid content. There is a correlation between antioxidant activity with total phenolic content but there is no correlation between antioxidant activity with total flavonoid content."

"Beras berwarna memiliki nutrisi lebih baik karena mengandung pigmen antosianin. Kandungan antosianin beras dipengaruhi oleh pemaparan iradiasi sinar gama dan masa penyimpanan. Pemaparan iradiasi sinar gama dapat menginduksi radikal bebas sehingga memicu sintesis antosianin atau memutus ikatan glikosidik antosianin. Kandungan antosianin juga dapat teroksidasi selama masa penyimpanan. Pemaparan sinar gama pada enam beras hitam dan merah dengan variasi dosis 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, dan 30 kGy serta disimpan selama 6 bulan. Antosianin dianalisis menggunakan metode perbedaan pH. Hasil pemaparan iradiasi sinar gama menyebabkan peningkatan kandungan antosianin tertinggi pada beras hitam yaitu Botanik (50,264 menjadi 82,743 mg/100g) dan Jatiluwih (15,697 menjadi 32,228 mg/100g). Beras hitam lainnya mengalami penurunan antosianin terendah yaitu Hariku (27,553 menjadi 14,110 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (33,481 menjadi 13,943 mg/100g), dan Jawa Melik (53,353 menjadi 31,060 mg/100g). Pada beras merah, kandungan antosianin tertinggi yaitu Cempo Sleman (1,252 menjadi 20,539 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (2,672 menjadi 17,867 mg/100g), Jatiluwih (2,254 menjadi 43,000 mg/100g), Bronrice (6,680 menjadi 19,287 mg/100g), PK Sundakala (1,085 menjadi 20,289 m/100g), dan Healthy Choice (2,004 menjadi 23,044 mg/100g). Selain itu, penyimpanan selama 6 bulan cenderung meningkatkan kandungan antosianin pada beras hitam dan merah.

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Colored rice has better nutrition because it contains anthocyanin pigments. The anthocyanin content of rice is influenced by exposure gamma radiation and storage time. Gamma radiation exposure can induce free radicals, triggering anthocyanin synthesis or breaking anthocyanin glycosidic bonds. Anthocyanin content can also be oxidized during storage. Six varieties of black and red rice were exposed to gamma radiation at doses of 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 kGy, followed by a 6-month storage period. Anthocyanins were analyzed using the pH difference method. The results of gamma radiation exposure caused the highest increase anthocyanin content in black rice, namely Botanik (50.264 to 82.743 mg/100g) and Jatiluwih (15.697 to 32.228 mg/100g). Other black rice varieties experienced the lowest decrease in anthocyanin, namely Hariku (27.553 to 14.110 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (33.481 to 13.943 mg/100g), and Jawa Melik (53.353 to 31.060 mg/100g). The highest red rice anthocyanin content was in Cempo Sleman (1.252 to 20.539 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (2.672 to 17.867 mg/100g), Jatiluwih (2.254 to 43.000 mg/100g), Bronrice (6.680 to 19.287 mg/100g), PK Sundakala (1.085 to 20.289 mg/100g), and Healthy Choice (2.004 to 23.044 mg/100g). Anthocyanin Storage for 6 months tended to increase anthocyanin content in both black and red rice."