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"Sulawesi is the biggest and the most important island in Wallacea. This island has many endemic species including macaques. Seven species of macaques are recognized endemic in Sulawesi. There are Macaca maura, M. tonkeana, M. ochreata, M. brunnescens, M. hecki, M. nigrescens and M. nigra. Compared to the other species of macaques in Sulawesi, M. tonkeana is more secure because its population decline its not as high as the others. But, the increase of human population around macaques habitat and the changing of forest structure and composition are the biggest threat for their lives. Forest destruction and habitat loss also occured in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. Forest clearance for cocoa and coffee plantations are the cases which found more in that area. Besides that, exploitation of timber, especially rattan is the most common human activity. Those cases will jeopardize the population of wildlife including M. tonkeana. Although the extinction risk of M. tonkeana is not readily evident at the moment, the increasing human activities in Lore Lindu National Park may present a serious threat to these endemic species. The main objectives in this study were to estimate the population density of M. tonkeana in two different habitats, and to know the characteristics of the habitat in that study area. The study was conducted in Lindu Land, Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. The two study sites including (1) forest which does not have any land clearance for agriculture but reveices human disturbance such as timber exploitation especially rattan (two transect of 2,5 km and 3 km) and (2) forest which is disturbed by agricultural clearance (two transect of 2,3 km and 3 km). Data collection was carried out from November 2002 to February 2003. To estimate population density of M. tonkeana, replication of forest line transect were walked. These involved slow, quiet walkings, with stop every 100 meter to visually scan the forest and listen for sound. All individuals and groups sigthed were recorded, and measurements of the average visual distance on either side of transect line to provide an estimate of area covered were taken. Vegetation study plots were established to study the composition and structure habitat of M. tonkeana. Twenty seven plots of 20 x 20 m were located in the forest and twenty six in agricultural forest. In each plot, all trees  10 cm diameter-at-breast height (DBH) were identified to species and precisely measured. Sample species were collected and identified at the Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor. From those data, species and family important value, species diversity and similarity index were calculated. The result indicated that supply of food for M. tonkeana in their habitat had effect on their density. Population density of M. tonkeana in the agricultural forest habitat was higher than in the forest habitat. In forest habitat, the density were 0.97 ± 0.52 groups/km2 and 8.70 ± 7.49 individuals/km2 while agricultural forest had higher estimated population of 1.36 ± 0.31 groups/km2 and 14.09 ± 5.37 individuals/km2. Seven species of figs as keystone source for vertebrates frugivorous were found in agricultural forest with total individuals were twelve. In the forest, five figs were found in total nine individuals. The diversity index for food trees in the agriculture forest habitat (2,4130) was higher than forest habitat (2,0591). Macaques can find more varieties of food in agricultural forest, because there were many agricultural products. The results shows that supply of food and human activities in the habitat of macaques had an influence to the density of macaques. Forest clearance for agricultural made macaques loss their habitat and diversity of foods. Exploitation of timber especially rattan also disturbed the macaques."

"The study of the patterns of nematode infection on rodents in Lore Lindu,Central Sulawesi was carried out. A total of 52 rodents were examined...."

"Lore Lindu National Park covers 217,991 ha of Central Sulawesi. The elevation range from 200 m asl in Pakuli to 2,355 m asl at the top of Nokilalaki mountain on the north east of this national park. This wide range of the elevation has become the supporting factor of the high biodiversity in this national park. There were many Sulawesi endemic faunas which have been found in this national park. This national park have at least 5 species of squirrel, 31 of 38 of the rats species are endemic not to mention other big mammals and the species of shrews which are mostly endemic. Approximately there are 55 species of bats inhabit this national park. This group of animals plays important economic and ecological roles including producing fertilizer, pollinating fruit trees, and consuming vast numbers of insects. Bat’s morphology and anatomy are basically like that of any other mammal, the wings are the most obvious distinguishing characteristic. The fundamental similarity in structure of all bats has required the group to expand into new habitat or to partition their niche. Ecomorphology is a study that relates the morphological structures that construct an organism with ecological and evolutionary consequences of that designs. Some previous study indicate the relationship between morphological characters such as cranial or wing characters with diet and niche partition in bats. Ecomorphological study of bats is very lack in Sulawesi particularly which correlates with its ecological function such as niche partition. The study on ecomorphology has not been comprise the whole area of this national park. There were no reports on this study at the South West Part of Lore Lindu National Park, near Tomado village. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a pattern of variation in which asymmetry values are normally distributed around a mean of zero. FA has been considered as the product of random errors in development, and thus a measure of developmental stability. The level of FA in a trait may indicate genetic, developmental, or environmental stress. The study of FA can also predict the interspecies relationship between two or more species in one area. The study of FA in bats has never been conducted in Lore Lindu National Park. This study can explain the interspecies relationship among bats species and the level of environmental stress in the national park. This study focused on two topics: (1) ecomorphological relationship between wing characters and niche partition in bat community, and (2) fluctuating asymmetry pattern in bat community. The study area was located at Lore Lindu National Park, Salupada Mountain, Tomado village, Central Sulawesi. The study was conducted between July to August 2002. Bats were captured using mist nets and a harp trap. This study is testing the hypothesis that bat species are randomly dispersed in multivariate morphological space. In contrast, if they are organized (due to phylogeny, competitive interactions, etc), multivariate morphological space will be partitioned regularly. This study is also testing the significant difference of FA levels between species of bat in the community to see the interspecies relationship among them. A total of 128 bat specimens from 16 species were collected. The wing morphology of each specimens were measured using digital caliper. The wing characters measured were the Metacarpal of the first to the fifth digit of the bat, the first and the second Phalanges of the third to the fifth digit of the bat, Forearms, and Tibiae. A total of 13 characters were measured. These characters was analysed using multivariate statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Principal component analysis indicates that differences in size of the wing (PC-1) contribute 86% of niche partition, whereas wing width membrane differences (PC-2) contribute only about 8% of niche partition. The guild of bat community in Lore Lindu National Park was not distributed randomly in multivariate space. Instead we found that the morphological space is partitioned regularly, probably due to competitive interactions The pattern of fluctuating asymmetry between the two bat species showed no significant differences of FA level between the sexes within The study of ecomorphological attributes on bats in Lore Lindu National Park is still needed to be continued in order to find out the niche partition in the whole area of the park and also to see the level of disturbance in the area."

"ABSTRAKPembangunan nasional yang berwawasan lingkungan hidup merupakan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam secara bertanggung jawab. Sumber daya alam merupakan wujud dari keserasian ekosistem dan keserasian unsur-unsur pembentuknya yang diperlukan sebagai modal dasar pembangunan nasional yang wajib dikelola secara bijaksana, sehingga penggunaan dan pemanfaatannya dapat berlangsung secara lestari, seimbang, selaras dan serasi. Oleh karena itu diperlukan upaya konservasi, sehingga sumber daya alam yang menjadi tempat bergantung keberlangsungan hidup manusia tidak akan habis dan punah. Salah satu bentuk perhatian pemerintah terhadap masalah konservasi adalah dikeluarkannya UU No.5 Tahun 1990. Salah satu konservasi daratan adalah konservasi hutan yang meliputi suaka alam, hutan wisata, hutan lindung dan Taman Nasional (Atmawidjaya, 1991:3).Taman Nasional Lore Lindu merupakan salah satu taman nasional yang terletak di Sulawesi Tengah, yang ditetapkan berdasarkan SK Mentan No. 429/kpts/org/7/1978 sebagai kawasan pelestarian alam eselon IV yang kemudian pada Kongres Taman Nasional Sedunia ke-3 di Bali, 14 Oktober 1982 ditetapkan sebagai Taman Nasional dengan luas areal 229.000 ha, berdasarkan Surat Pernyataan Menteri Pertanian No. 736/Mentan/X/1982.Kelestarian kawasan Taman Nasional Lore Lindu makin terancam oleh perambahan yang terus meningkat dan menurunnya sumber daya alam yang dikandung serta minimnya pengembangan sarana-sarana konservasi.Pelanggaran-pelanggaran yang sering terjadi adalah pencurian rotan, penebangan kayu, perkebunan rakyat dalam kawasan terlarang, serta perburuan satwa langka.Dalam taman nasional ini terdapat empat desa yang telah ditetapkan sebagai enclave atau daerah kantong. Mereka hidup di wilayah ini sejak berabad-abad yang lalu, sebelum kawasan ini ditetapkan sebagai kawasan konservasi. Penduduk diperkenankan untuk memanfaatkan lahan yang ada di sekitarnya dalam batas-batas tertentu yang disebut Zona Pemanfaatan Tradisional. Keberadaan penduduk yang saat ini berjumlah lebih kurang 2756 jiwa atau terdapat sejumlah 648 KK dengan luas zona pemanfaatan tradisional yang disediakan lebih kurang 10.000 ha. Luas keempat desa tersebut 279 km2 (27.900 ha), adanya pertambahan penduduk akan mengakibatkan kawasan ini peka terhadap pelanggaran sebab jumlah penduduk akan terus bertambah. Tetapi pada sisi lain dalam kebiasaan-kebiasaan hidup mereka sehari-hari terdapat nilai-nilai yang sangat mendukung program konservasi, yang merupakan cerminan kearifan orang-orang Lindu dalam berinteraksi dengan alam. Dengan kondisi alam dan sarana transportasi yang sangat minim membuat mereka terisolasi dari wilayah lainnya. Satu-satunya sarana transportasi untuk sampai ke wilayah ini adalah dengan berkuda. Adat istiadat mereka yang masih kuat berlaku, belum banyak terpengaruh dengan budaya lain. Kebiasaan-kebiasaan, kepercayaan-kepercayaan terutama yang berkaitan dengan alam hingga kini masih ditaati.Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 adalah undang-undang yang khusus mengatur masalah konservasi sumber daya alam.Pelaksanaan peraturan di bidang konservasi belum efektif berlaku dalam Taman Nasional Lore Lindu; prinsip dan nilai tradisional yang hidup di kalangan masyarakat Lore Lindu berpengaruh pada strategi pengelolaan taman nasional; keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana merupakan salah satu sebab potensial timbulnya berbagai pelanggaran terhadap kawasan taman nasional. Ketiga hal diatas merupakan hipotesis kerja yang mempedomani penulis dalam melakukan penelitian.Lokasi penelitian meliputi keempat desa yang berada dalam enclave Dataran Lindu, Kec. Kulawi, Kab. Donggala.Tipe penelitian ini adalah deskriptif yaitu menggambarkan tentang pelaksanaan peraturan di bidang konservasi sumber daya alam dan ekosistem pada Taman Nasional Lore Lindu dan kebiasaan masyarakat yang masih berlaku yang erat kaitannya dengan konsep konservasi.Untuk mendapatkan data primer digunakan pengamatan, wawancara dan partisipasi terbatas. Pengamatan diarahkan pada apakah prinsip-prinsip yang hidup dalam masyarakat pedesaan Dataran Lindu masa lalu masih ada pada saat ini dan apakah prinsip-prinsip tersebut dapat menunjang pelestarian sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistem yang ada dalam taman nasional, sebagaimana dapat dilihat dalam tingkah laku serta keputusan mereka sehari-hari. Dalam wawancara, pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diajukan tidak mempunyai struktur tertentu tetapi selalu terpusat pada pedoman wawancara. Responden terdiri atas dua golongan yaitu masyarakat yang tinggal dalam enclave dan staf pengelola taman nasional. Dari kalangan masyarakat diambil 10% dari jumlah Kepala keluarga masing-masing desa dan anggota Lembaga Adat Dataran Lindu yang berjumlah 7 (tujuh) orang. Staf pengelola taman nasional yang diwawancarai disesuaikan dengan tugas atau jabatannya, yang terdiri atas; Kepala Sub Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam yang merangkap Pemimpin Proyek Taman Nasional, staf administrasi dan Jagawana/Polisi Hutan yang berada di lokasi taman nasional. Partisipasi terbatas dilakukan dengan tinggal beberapa lamanya di desa yang menjadi fokus penelitian.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah:Mengetahui faktor penghambat dan faktor pendukung dalam upaya pengelolaan Taman Nasional Lore Lindu; Menginventarisasi nilai-nilai tradisional yang berkaitan dengan program konservasi; Untuk mengetahui sejauhmana pelaksanaan UU No. 5 Tahun 1990 dalam upaya optimalisasi pengelolaan Taman Nasional Lore Lindu.Analisis normatif dilakukan dengan mengklasifikasi peraturan-peraturan yang terkait atas dasar kronologi kemudian dianalisis dengan mempergunakan pengertian-pengertian dasar dari sistem hukum yang mencakup subyek hukum, hubungan hukum, hak dan kewajiban. Dengan demikian dapat dilihat apakah peraturanperaturan tentang konservasi sudah efektif berlaku pada Taman Nasional Lore Lindu.Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian ini adalah masyarakat Lindu telah mempraktekkan sebagian dari prinsip-prinsip konservasi yang ada dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Hal ini terbukti dengan adanya nilai-nilai dalam kepercayaan masyarakat Lindu yang sudah lama dikenal dan dipraktekkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang secara tidak langsung mendukung program konservasi. Nilai-nilai tersebut merupakan cerminan kearifan orang Lindu dalam berhubungan dengan alam.

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ABSTRACT

The national sustainable development is a development, which utilizes the natural resources in a responsible manner. Natural resources are the continuation of their constituents required as a fundamental capital for the national development, which should be operated on discretionally such that its utilization and its benefits could be continuously carried on and balanced. Therefore conservation is needed, so that the natural resources, which constitute the location on which human existence depends on, should not be used up.

One of the concerns of the Government on the issue of conservation is the law provision No.5, 1990. One of the land conservation is the forest conservation, which has conveyed of natural preservation, landscape forestry, reservatory forest and the national parks (Atmawidjaya 1991:3).

The National Park Of Lore Lindu is situated in Central Sulawesi, which was established through the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 427/kpts/org/7/1978 as the zone of natural conservation classification IV which then in the third World Congress of National Parks in Bali on October 14th, 1982 was set up as a national park covering an area of 229,000 ha based on the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No 736/Mentan/X/1982.

The Lore Lindu National Park has been increasingly threatened by the increasing deforestation and the decline of natural resources while the facilities used for conservation are absolutely limited.

In this national park there were found four villages were established as the enclaves or pocket zones. They have been living in the zones since centuries ago, prior to the establishment of these zones as a conservation area. The people have been allowed to take the advantages of the existing area surrounding properly the area called is the intensive use zone (traditional zone). The recent is population is 2758 people and/or 648 of heads of households with the traditional beneficiaries zone covering an area of 10.000 hectare of the Lindu enclave area (145.000 ha). It is potential to make this zone prone to violations due to the increasing number of the population. But on the other hand, in their customary daily living, there were found a set of values, which support the conservation program, and reflect the wisdom of local people in their interaction with the nature. The condition of nature and the minimum availability of transportation facilities, make them isolated from the other areas.

The Main transportation facility used in the intensive zone is horses. Their customary wisdom, which is strongly prevailing, is not influenced by other cultures. Indigenous knowledge that related to nature still exists.

The Act No. 5/1990 is the provision, which is, aimed at solving the problems of conservation of natural resources. The implementation of this provision has not yet been effective; there are principles and traditional values existing among the community. The limitations of facilities and planned facilities are the potential causes of the various problems relating with the zone of Lore Lindu National Park.

The three things in my hypothesis become the guideline in conducting this research.

The research location covers four villages from the enclave of Lindu, the district of Kulawi, Donggala. The type of this research is descriptive which tries to describe the implementation of provision concerning conservation of the living resources and use of the ecosystem in Lore Lindu National Park in relation with prevailing traditional customs of local community related to the concept of conservation.

To get the primary data, participant observation and limited interviews and are conducted.

The observation was conducted towards the existing values of the local community of Lindu Plateau of the past and the principles supporting the continuation of living resources and its ecosystem, as seen in their daily living. In the interviews, the questions did not have specific structure but were always focused on the interviews guidance. The respondents had consisted of two groups, i.e., the community members living in the enclave and the operational staff members of national park.

They are 10% of the population from each village and 7 members of the institute of traditional customs of Lindu Plateau. The operational staff members consist of The head of Sub Chamber of Natural Resources Conservation; administration Staff members and the Security Staff of Lore Lindu national park.

Limited participation is occasionally carried out in the villages during this research.

The objectives of the research are to find out:

a. The retarding and supporting factors in the effort of supporting the of Lore Lindu National Park management.

b. To what extent the implementation of Act No 5, 1990, is effectively implemented in the effort of optimally the management of the Lore Lindu National Park.

The data analysis is carried out qualitatively concerning the support of several theories

Explaining the correlation between the law and the principles of traditional beliefs (indigenous knowledge).

The conclusion of this research is that the Lindu community has practiced part of the conservation principles found in the jurisprudence. This matter has been attested by the existence of values in the belief of Lindu community, which have long been known and practised, in daily living and indirectly supporting the conservation program. These values have been the reflection of the wisdom of Lindu people in their inter-course with the nature.

The provision of the jurisprudence in the field of conservation has not yet been implemented optimally; several important things found in the provisions have not yet been carried out in the operation of Lore Lindu National Park. Facilities and planned facilities are very inadequate and becoming a retarding factor in operating and developing this national park. The supporting factor in operating and developing this national park is the existence of values of traditional customs of the local community, which supports the conservation program, and reflects their wisdom in their intercourse with the nature."

"The diversity of the pandan flora from the Lore Lindu National Park has never been reported. Recent floristic study recognised 6 species belonging to Pandanaceae occur in the area. Freycinetia minahassae, F.celebica and Pandanus sarasinorum are the common species found in Sulawesi. Freycinetia oblanceolata and F. polystachya are new records.Freycinetia celebica is rediscovered. The endemic states of F.minahassae and P.sarasinorum are toppled. The extended distribution area of P. gladiator is recorded."

"ABSTRACTTaman Nasional Baluran merupakan taman nasional yang terletak di Kabupaten Situbondo Jawa Timur dan merupakan habitat alami dari Jalak putih-punggung abu. Jalak putih-punggung abu (Acridotheres tricolor Horsfield, 1821) merupakan burung berukuran sedang (23 cm) dari famili sturnidae. Populasi jalak putih umum dijumpai di savana, namun belum ada catatan mengenai populasi burung tersebut di habitat lain selain savana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan relatif dan penggunaan habitat dari populasi jalak putih-punggung abu pada beberapa habitat di Baluran. Kelimpahan relatif populasi jalak putih dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus encounter rates, sedangkan penggunaan habitat akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan PCA. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Oktober hingga November 2018 di 6 habitat berbeda yaitu savana padang rumput, savana hutan, savana restorasi, hutan musim, hutan akasia, dan hutan pantai. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan encounter rates habitat savana padang rumput memiliki nilai encounter rates tertinggi sebesar 11,16; sedangkan habitat hutan pantai menjadi habitat dengan nilai encounter rates terendah sebesar 0. Hasil analisis PCA menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan habitat jalak putih-punggung abu cenderung ditentukan berdasarkan oleh struktur habitat dengan banyak Brachiaria reptans Acacia nilotica, gebang, (Corypha utan), terdapat batang pohon mati, dan pohon berdiameter besar, serta keberadaan pohon asam (Tamarindus indica) dan serasah yang sedikit.

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ABSTRACTBaluran National Park (TNB) is a national park located in Situbondo Regency, East Java one of the natural habitats of the Grey-Backed Myna. Grey-backed myna (Acridotheres tricolor Horsfield, 1821) is a medium-sized bird (23 cm) from the family sturnidae. The population of grey-backed myna is common in savannahs, but there is no record of these bird populations in habitats other than savanna. This study aims to determine the relative abundance and habitat use of grey-backed myna populations in several habitats in Baluran. The relative abundance of the grey-backed myna population is calculated using the encounter rates, while the habitat use will be analyzed using PCA. The study was conducted in October to November 2018 in 6 different habitats: grassland savannah, woodland savannah, restoration savannah, dry minsoon forest, acacia forest, and beach forest. The results showed that grassland savannah had the highest encounter rates with score 11,16; and the beach forest is a habitat with the lowest encounter rates with score 0. The results of PCA analysis show that the habitat use of grey-backed myna tends to be determined by habitat structure with the abundant of Brachiaria reptans, Acacia nilotica, gebang (Corypha utan), dead tree stem, and trees with large diameter, also a habitat with fewer tamarind trees (Tamarindus indica) and detritus."

"Telah dilakukan studi populasi dan analisis kelayakan habitat badaksumatera (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, Fischer 1814) di TNBBS. Data yangdianalisis adalah data kamera penjebak Wildlife Conservation Society -Indonesia Program (WCS-IP) 1998--2005 dan data patroli Rhino ProtectionUnit (RPU) 1999--2005. Kelimpahan relatif per blok sampling dihitungmenggunakan indeks jumlah foto per 100 hari tangkap (capture rate).Kelimpahan relatif berurut dari tinggi ke rendah adalah pada blok samplingSukaraja, Way Ngaras, Way Paya, dan Pemerihan. Kecenderunganperubahan ukuran populasi dihitung menggunakan indeks kelimpahan relatifdari jumlah tapak per 10 km jarak patroli (footprint rate) Kecenderunganukuran populasi pada tahun 2002--2005 diperkirakan mengalami penurunan.Berdasarkan uji banding variansi-mean, pola sebaran bersifat mengelompokdengan nilai Indeks Dispersal 5,47. Analisis kelayakan habitat menunjukkanbahwa badak sumatera di TNBBS sebagian besar (47,3%) tersebar di daerahdengan ancaman sedang. Ditunjukkan pula bahwa Sukaraja sebagai daerahpusat sebaran badak sumatera merupakan daerah yang tidak layak karenamemiliki tingkat ancaman yang cenderung tinggi dan sangat tinggi. Waktuaktifitas harian badak sumatera di TNBBS berdasarkan kamera penjebakmenunjukkan pola cathemerality dan terjadi perubahan keterdapatan badaksumatera berdasarkan ketinggian dari 200--300 m dpl di tahun 1999--2004 ke300-400 m dpl pada tahun 2005. Kedua hal tersebut mungkin merupakanrespon perilaku badak sumatera terhadap tingginya tekanan antropogenis."

"Penelitian ini memiliki beberapa tujuan; untuk mengetahui jumlah populasi dan spesies penyu bersarang, untuk mengetahui karakteristik habitat peneluran penyu mencakup vegetasi dan untuk mengetahui ancaman antropogenik berupa sampah. Tanjung Binerean merupakan bagian dari Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial terutama untuk perlindungan burung maleo. Pantai berpasir putih yang membentang sepanjang 3 km tersebut juga menjadi kawasan peneluran bagi penyu. Terdapat empat spesies penyu yang tercatat pernah bertelur di kawasan tersebut, yaitu penyu lekang, penyu sisik, penyu belimbing dan penyu hijau. Penelitian yang dilakukan selama 3 bulan dari bulan September sampai Desember 2020 menunjukkan hanya 1 penyu yang mendarat yaitu penyu lekang dengan jumlah telur 103 butir dengan karakteristik sarangnya sebagai berikut, yaitu kedalaman 46 cm dan diameter 15 cm, suhu tanah 28,8℃, pH 5,8, kelembapan 98% dan jarak sarang dengan air laut 7,8 m. Rata-rata suhu Tanjung Binerean pada tahun 2020 sebesar (28,4℃ ± 1,71). Analisis vegetasi Tanjung Binerean menghasilkan nilai indeks keanekaragaman (H’) sebesar H’=3,06. Nilai INP untuk jenis vegetasi pohon yang paling tinggi dimiliki oleh Cocos nucifera dengan nilai INP 59. Sedangkan untuk jenis vegetasi lower crop nilai INP terbesar dimiliki oleh Ipomoea pes-caprae yaitu sebesar 30. Total berat sampah yang didapatkan sebanyak 65,2 kg. Jumlah sampah terbanyak adalah jenis sampah plastik sebanyak 1023 dari total 1485 pieces (69%).

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This research has several objectives; to determine the number of nesting populations and species of turtles, to determine the characteristics of turtle nesting habitat including vegetation and to determine anthropogenic threats in the form of marine debris. Tanjung Binerean is part of the Essential Ecosystem Area, especially for the protection of maleo birds. The 3 km long white sandy beach is also a nesting area for turtles. There are four species of sea turtles that have been recorded as having laid their eggs in the area, namely the olive ridley turtle, hawksbill turtle, leatherback turtle and green turtle. Research conducted for 3 months from September to December 2020 showed only 1 turtle landed, namely the olive ridley turtle with 103 eggs with the following nest characteristics, namely 46 cm depth and 15 cm diameter, soil temperature 28.8 ℃, pH 5.8, humidity 98% and the nest distance from sea water is 7.8 m. The average temperature of Tanjung Binerean in 2020 is (28.4 ℃ ± 1.71). Tanjung Binerean vegetation analysis produces a diversity index value (H ') of H' = 3.06. Cocos nucifera had the highest IVI value for tree vegetation with an IVI value of 59. Meanwhile, Ipomoea pes-caprae had the highest IVI value for lower crop vegetation, namely 30. The total weight of waste obtained was 65.2 kg. The highest amount of waste is plastic waste, amounting to 1023 of a total of 1485 pieces (69%)."

"Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch) adalah primata endemik Pulau Jawa yang saat ini semakin terancam keberadaannya. Owa Jawa tercatat dalam status sangat genting (critically endagered) IUCN dan juga masuk dalam Appendix 1 Convention on International Trade in Endagered Spesies of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Kerusakan habitat, perburuan dan perdagangan illegal adalah ancaman utama kelestarian Owa Jawa. Saat ini diperkirakan Owa Jawa berjumlah sekitar 400-2000 individu yang terisolasi di beberapa kawasan konservasi. Salah satu habitat terbesar Owa Jawa berada di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji keterkaitan antara degradasi habitat dengan populasi Owa Jawa dengan menggunakan system dynamics serta menyusun strategi pengelolaan Owa Jawa di Koridor TNGHS. Manfaat penelitian antara lain adalah memberikan saran dan masukan mengenai strategi dan aksi untuk pelestarian Owa Jawa di Koridor Halimun Salak kepada Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam (PHKA) - Departemen Kehutanan melalui Balai Taman Nasional. Dari sisi ilmu lingkungan sumbangan yang diberikan dalam penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan pemahaman mengenai pentingnya upaya pelestarian satwa langka serta pencegahan kerusakan hutan di taman nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan kombinasi pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif dan metode System Dynamics. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 3 tahapan yaitu: (1) desk study untuk mengkaji berbagai hasil peneltian yang telah dilakukan, (2) analisa deskriptif melalui survei lapangan, dan (3) Pembuatan model dengan metode system dynamics. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi dengan menggunakan system dynamics diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa dengan laju deforestasi sebesar 1,5% per tahun, maka habitat Owa Jawa di koridor Halimun Saiak akan berkurang sebesar 575 ha selama kurun waktu 20 tahun (2006-2025). Hal ini akan menyebabkan penurunan populasi Owa Jawa sebanyak 30%. Namun, apabila TNGHS berhasil menekan laju deforestasi menjadi 0,5% per tahun, kerusakan hutan TNGHS hanya sebesar 10% (190 ha) dan penurunan Owa Jawa akan sekitar 15%. Kesimpulan lain yang diperoleh adalah bahwa penyebab utama kerusakan habitat di koridor Halimun Salak adalah tingginya laju deforestasi. Oleh karena itu, strategi konservasi Owa Jawa yang harus dilakukan oleh Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak adalah dengan mengendalikan laju deforestasi dan melakukan rehabilitasi koridor Halimun Salak. Berdasarkan hasil kesimpulan tersebut, maka beberapa saran yang disampaikan oleh peneliti adalah perlu dilakukan penggalakan Program Keluarga Berencana (KB) untuk menekan laju pertumbuhan penduduk di koridor yang saat ini cukup tinggi yaitu sebesar 2,77%. Hal ini mengingat tekanan penduduk yang cukup besar terhadap taman nasional. Selain itu perlu juga dilakukan penggalakan dan peningkatan efektifitas Program Model Kampung Konservasi (MKK) yang meliputi peningkatan pengamanan kawasan, peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat dan restorasi habitat. Peningkatan pengamanan kawasan dapat dilakukan dengan penambahan jumlah tenaga jagawana atau menggalakkan Pam Swakarsa oleh masyarakat. Peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat dapat dilakukan dengan lebih banyak melibatkan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan kawasan taman nasional, misalnya melalui program Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM). Sedangkan restorasi habitat dilakukan terutama di kawasan yang terbuka untuk meningkatkan kontinuitas tajuk yang diperlukan sebagai saluran pergerakan satwa liar, terutama untuk jenis-jenis satwa liar arboreal yang membutuhkan tajuk untuk pergerakannya, misalnya Owa Jawa.

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The Javan Gibbon or Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch) is found only on the island of Java, Indonesia and specifically only in West Java and the western parts of Central Java. The Javan gibbonis one of the rarest and most endangered of the hylobatids and now categorized on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Critically Endangered and Appendix I CITES. The Javan Gibbon has lost 98% of its natural habitat due to human encroachment and only small populations of gibbons exist in isolated forest remnants. Many of the scattered populations are considered non-viable. Some studied carried out estimated that population of Javan Gibbbon is around 400-2.000 wild gibbons. One of the biggest habitat remnants for Javan Gibbon is Gunung Halimun National Park.

The objective of this research is to built a dynamic model on impact of habitat degradation to Javan Gibbon population. This model could describe holistivally interiankage between population growth, habitat degradation and Java Gibbon population. The other objective is to develop some scenario in management of Javan Gibbon population in Coridor Halimun Salak National Park.

The research using the combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches and System Dynamics method. The research is divided into 3 phases: (1) desk study to review and study the previous research (2) descriptive analyses, and (3) build a dynamics model.

Based on the simulation of the dynamics model on the impact of habitat degradation to population of Javan Gibbon, it is concluded that there is an impact to the habitat degradation to population of Javan Gibbon. It is predicted that with rate of habitat degradation around 1,5% per year, the habitat of Javan Gibbon in corridor Halimun Salak will degraded about 575 ha in the next 20 years (2006-2025). The habitat degradation is predicted will lead to decrease in Javan Gibbon population around 30% for the next 20 years. However, if National Park Management can control the rate of deforestation up to 0,5% per year, habitat degradation can be reduced to 10% (190 ha) and loss of Java Gibbon will be only 15%. Based on the result of this research that habitat degradation caused by encroachment by local people, it is suggested that national park should empowering of local people by generating alternative income. Other activities that should be done by national park is increase forest patrol as well as habitat rehabilitation."