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"ABSTRAKMorfologi cangkang spesies-spesies anggota Famili Thiaridae memiliki variasi intra spesies yang sangat tinggi sehingga dapat menyulitkan penentuan identitas tiap-tiap spesiesnya. Studi ontogeni, mekanisme, dan strategi reproduksi merupakan pendekatan lain yang dapat digunakan untuk menyempurnakan identitas dan sistematika suatu spesies. Pengamatan terhadap morfologi cangkang pada spesies Tarebia granifera Lamarck, 1822 , Melanoides tuberculata M ller, 1774 , dan Stenomelania punctata Lamarck, 1822 menunjukkan variasi terutama pada karakter dimensi cangkang, warna cangkang, ornamen cangkang, serta kuat lemahnya garis tumbuh spiral dan aksial. Hasil studi ontogeni dan reproduksi pada ketiga spesies tersebut menunjukkan bahwa T. granifera dan M. tuberculata bereproduksi secara euvivipar, sementara S. punctata bersifat ovovivipar. Data ontogeni memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan dalam kisaran jumlah, ukuran, dan morfologi embryonic shell antara spesies T. granifera dan M. tuberculata. Jumlah embryonic shell yang tersimpan dalam subhaemocoelic brood pouch T. granifera lebih banyak 9-203 dibandingkan dengan jumlah embryonic shell yang mampu dihasilkan oleh satu individu M. tuberculata 1- 66 . Adapun kisaran ukuran embryonic shell pada T. granifera adalah 0,22-5 mm dan M. tuberculata sebesar 0,12-5,95 mm. Informasi mengenai ontogeni dan mekanisme serta strategi reproduksi selanjutnya dapat dijadikan sebagai bukti terjadinya fenomena-fenomena biologi di alam seperti kolonisasi, radiasi atau evolusi.Kata kunci : Morfologi, ontogeni, reproduksi, variasi intraspesies, Thiaridae.

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ABSTRACTThe shell morphology of some Thiarid rsquo s species are known to have highly inter species variation. Hence, species identification based on morphological characters only is quite difficult. The morphological observation of species Tarebia granifera Lamarck, 1822 , Melanoides tuberculata M ller, 1774 , and Stenomelania punctata Lamarck, 1822 from Indonesia indicates that interspecies variation occur especially on the characters of shell dimensions, colour, ornaments, as well as the strength of spiral and axial growth lines. Studies on ontogeny, mechanisms and strategies of reproduction is another approach that can be used to enhance the valid identity and determination of Thiarid rsquo s species. The studies on ontogeny and reproductive of that three species reveal that T. granifera and M. tuberculata reproduces by eu viviparity while S. punctata are ovo viviparous. Ontogeny data exhibit the differences in the range number of embryonic shell as well as size between embryonic shell of T. granifera and M. tuberculata. Tarebia granifera have more embryonic shell stored in a subhaemocoelic brood pouch 9 203 individu compared with the number of embryonic shell that can be produced by one individual of M. tuberculata 1 66 individu . Tarebia granifera embryonic shell sizes ranging from 0.22 to 5 mm in height. While the size of M. tuberculata embryonic shell are between 0.12 to 5.95 mm. Information about ontogeny and mechanisms as well as reproductive strategies then can be used as an evidence of the occurrence of biological phenomenon in nature such as colonization, radiation as well as evolution.Key words Morphology, ontogeny, reproductive, inter species variation, Thiaridae "

"The information on fish fauna in Belitung Island is still lacking. The study of ichthyofauna of Belitung Island was conducted in Pebruary-March 2002 and August 2003, using survey methods. The aims of studies are to know species richness, potency, local distribution, and related aspects. The results were recorded 60 species belonging to 27 families. Cyprinidae is dominant family with 13 species. The fishes were found almost have potency of ornamental fish. It was found that Eirmotus octzona, Acanthopsoides robertsi, Pangio shelfordii, Silurichthys hasseltii, Parakysis verrucosa, and Gymnochanda filamentosa extend their range to Belitung (new record for Belitung). Status, potency and utilization of fishes, new records distribution of geography, social economic and conservation aspects are represented in this paper. The information about freshwater fishes from Belitung Island is still rare. Last information was reported by de Beaufort in 1939. The objective of the research is to reveal the diversity of fishes in Belitung Island and to reveal their potency and utilization, distribution, abundance, and related aspect for their management and conservation. The research was conducted at Belitung Island, Province Archipelago of Bangka Belitung, between 2002 and 2003. Location of research in Lenggang River, Buding, Balok, Kembiri, Pala, and Air Raya Gunung Tajam. Survey method is used in this research. Specimens were collected from 21 location in six rivers by electrofishing (12 volt), gillnet (mesh size ½', ¾', and 1'), cast net, and hook. Fish specimens were fixed by using formalin 10% then soaked in alcohol 70%. All specimens are deposited at Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, as permanent collections. Fish identification was based on Weber and de Beaufort (1916; 1936; 1953; 1965), Inger & Chin (1962), Roberts (1989), Kottelat et al. (1993), and Eschmeyer (1998). In general, these established localities followed the variety of the landscape available such as: primary forest, secondary forest, 'kerangas' forest, agroforestry, villages, and estuary environments. Informal interview was conducted with the villagers especially with those who were familiar with fishing activities. There results were recorded 60 species belonging to 27 families. Cyprinidae is dominant family with 13 species. The fishes were found almost have potency of ornamental fish. It was found that Eirmotus octozona, Acanthopsoides robertsi, Pangio shelfordii, Silurichthys hasseltii, Parakysis verrucosa, and Gymnochanda c.f. filamentosa extend their range to Belitung (new record for Belitung). There were Tengkelesa'/Arwana (Scleropages formosus) in Lenggang River. According to the CITES, Tengkelesa' status is in Appendix I with a note captivity in Appendix II. Scleropages formosus has been protected by regulation, while according to the Governmental Legislation No.7 in 1999. Lenggang River is one of the largest water catchment area in Belitung Island. It has much more variation of riparian habitat than the other river. The number of species and family fish decreased closer to the river mouth. Factor which may influence this are the presence of plant material, the presence of a shading canopy, and the presence dam. The range of local distribution is 0,64-5,13%. Puntius gemellus is widest distributed and most abundanced. Segment of Lenggang River would conserve the continuing populations of Scleropages formosus. This habitat establishing small harverst reserves or fishery reserves (called 'Suaka Perikanan), where local community could manage this reservat could be perfomed. Activities related to this conservation habitat, controlled fishing activity or environmentally sound fishing should be encouraged. In line with the effort to increase individual income in the area, segment of the river from the mouth of the river could function as scientific and/ or adventurous tourism."

"Kerusakan gigi molar satu rahang atas frekuensinya cukup tinggi dan sering disertai kelainan pulpa. Perawatan saluran akar pada gigi ini memerlukan keterampilan yang ditunjang oleh pengetahuan anatomi dan morfologi a.1. panjang gigi, bentuk penampang saluran akar, jumlah akar, jumlah saluran akar, dan letak orifis. Dalam perawatannya sering dijumpai kesulitan menentukan letak apeks, karena pedoman ukuran yang ada berdasarkan ukuran gigi orang Amerika atau Eropa. Belum ada pedoman yang berdasarkan ukuran-gigi orang Indonesia. Dari sampel 50 gigi molar satu atas yang dicabut dari klinik gigi di Jakarta, diukur panjang gigi dari masing-masing apeks akar Palatal, Mesio Bukal, Disto Bukal ke bidang oklusal dengan mikrometer. Dihitung jumlah akar, jumlah saluran akar, dan dicatat bentuk penampang saluran akar 5 mm dari apeks, dan konfigurasi letak oriifis. Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh panjang gigi rata-rata dari apeks akar palatal 19,47 mm, dari apeks akar mesio bukal 19,14 mm dari apeks akar disto bukal 18,41 mm. Dari hasil pengamatan, semua gigi mempunyai tiga akar, dan diperoleh lebih banyak gigi dengan tiga saluran akar (98 %). Dari gambaran konfigurasi letak orifis diperoleh bentuk (60 %), lebih banyak dibanding bentuk "Y" (16 %) dan bentuk "T" (18 %). Dari pengamatan bentuk penampang saluran akar, terbanyak diperoleh bentuk bulat pada akar disto bukal (82 %), dan bentuk elips pada akar palatal (36 7). Selain itu diperoleh pula bentuk ginjal padaakar disto bukal (4%), dan bentuk pipih pada akar mesio bukal (14 %)."

"Generally former Islamic Mataram Kingdom included in their towns resident areas for the religous leaders and staffs called kampong. These Islamic kampongs were located nearby the Great Mosque and called kauman Kampong...."

"To investigate the distribution of Heterocapsa including a harmful species H.circularisquama,cells were surveyed in three vietnamese coasts,Ha Long Bay,Hue and Phu Quoc Island in 2006...."

"The village of Laweyan constitutes a unique, specific and historical region. In its development Laweyan experiences some functional changes of region and settlement...."

"Minyak atsiri kaempheria pandurata menyebabkab kebocoran dan perubahan morfologi bakteri"

"Based on morphology, Languages in the world can be classified into four types: agglutination, flex, isolation, and incorporation. In the language of agglutination such as Indonesian, there is what-so-called morphophonemic, i.e. the change of sound caused by affixation. One of the features is having prefix me(ng)- on the base verb initiated by phoneme /p/ that turns into phoneme /m/ by the term of assimilation, such as memercayai, not mempercayai. Different from the form memperhatikan, this form comes from the word hati that receives prefix per-, which turns into perhati as the base word. Here per- is not the initial phoneme of base form, so that it is not assimilated. It is also different from the form memerkosa which comes from the base word perkosa. Here per- is not a prefix but a syllable."