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"In the summer of 1950, FBI agents arrested Julius Rosenberg and charged him with conspiracy to commit espionage. Specifically the Justice Department accused him of passing-through his brother-in-law-the secret of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. A few weeks later they charged Julius is wife Ethel with the same crime to pressure them to name spies. Convicted and sentenced to death at the height of cold war anti-communist hysteria, the couple was plunged into a whirlwind of appeals, protests, and propaganda until their executions in June 1953. Their deaths did little to silence protest, however; as martyrs their case became legend and cast a spotlight on their two orphaned sons. More than half a century later the trial and executions remain living and breathing controversies. This book uses nearly one thousand newly discovered state department documents for the first time to expose protest movements from 84 cities in 48 countries around the world. While the Truman administration initiated the charges against the Rosenbergs, officials were just beginning to grasp the significance of the case overseas when Eisenhower took office. This prompted a harsh reset in the governments largely untested propaganda apparatus, which struggled to persuade the global community of the wisdom of executing the couple. Allies and potential allies remained unconvinced that the United States had the moral authority to lead and win the Cold War. These new documents allow the history of the Rosenberg case to be told as a pivotal and transnational Cold War event."

"[Perang Dingin yang berakhir pada tahun 1990 telah mengubah konstelasi politik dan keamanan dunia. Kemunculan banyak negara baru yang dulu tidak terlalu dominan dalam politik dunia, kini menjadi pemain yang cukup diperhitungkan seperti Jepang. Setelah mengalami kekalahan pada Perang Dunia Ke-II, Jepang menjadi negara yang tidak normal karena tidak memiliki kekuatan militer.Sejak saat itu pula, Jepang menggantungkan keamanan nasionalnya di bawah perlindungan payung keamanan Amerika Serikat. Seiring berjalannya waktu, struktur keamanan global maupun regional telah berubah. Kemunculan China sebagai kekuatan regional baru, pengembangan senjata nuklir Korea Utara, modernisasi militer Korea Selatan, serta banyaknya masalah baik teritorial maupun sejarah di Asia Timur telah mempengaruhi Jepang untuk mengubah kebijakan Pertahanannya. Perubahan kebijakan ini diwujudkan dalam dua usaha yaitu usaha internal melalui peningkatan kekuatan pertahanan Jepang dan usaha eksternal melalui peningkatan diplomasi pertahanan Jepang dengan negara-negara di kawasan Asia Pasifik.

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The end of Cold War in 1990 changed global political constellation and security. The emergence of new global power that were not determined in the past, now have a very significant role in global politics such as Japan. After losing to U.S allies in the World War II, Japan became abnormal state because she did not have military power. Since then, Japan has been depended her national security on U.S security umbrella. After Cold War, the situation surroundings Japan has changed. China rose as a new global power, nuclear weapon possession by North Korea, South Korea's military modernization, and territorial disputes among them give impacts on Japan?s Defense Policy. The change of Japan's Defense Policy is indicated by two attempts, which are internal efforts and external efforts. Internal efforts are executed by increasing military power and external efforts are executed by developing defense diplomacy through security arrangements with the Asia Pacific countries. The end of Cold War in 1990 changed global political constellation and security. The emergence of new global power that were not determined in the past, now have a very significant role in global politics such as Japan. After losing to U.S allies in the World War II, Japan became abnormal state because she did not have military power. Since then, Japan has been depended her national security on U.S security umbrella. After Cold War, the situation surroundings Japan has changed. China rose as a new global power, nuclear weapon possession by North Korea, South Korea’s military modernization, and territorial disputes among them give impacts on Japan’s Defense Policy. The change of Japan’s Defense Policy is indicated by two attempts, which are internal efforts and external efforts. Internal efforts are executed by increasing military power and external efforts are executed by developing defense diplomacy through security arrangements with the Asia Pacific countries., The end of Cold War in 1990 changed global political constellation and security. The emergence of new global power that were not determined in the past, now have a very significant role in global politics such as Japan. After losing to U.S allies in the World War II, Japan became abnormal state because she did not have military power. Since then, Japan has been depended her national security on U.S security umbrella. After Cold War, the situation surroundings Japan has changed. China rose as a new global power, nuclear weapon possession by North Korea, South Korea’s military modernization, and territorial disputes among them give impacts on Japan’s Defense Policy. The change of Japan’s Defense Policy is indicated by two attempts, which are internal efforts and external efforts. Internal efforts are executed by increasing military power; and external efforts are executed by developing defense diplomacy through security arrangements with the Asia Pacific countries.]"

"ABSTRAKSejak awal berdirinya, Indonesia sering diasosiasikan sebagai pemimpin di institusi kawasan Asia Tenggara, The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Berakhirnya Perang Dingin membuat peran yang dilakukan Indonesia semakin beragam. Tulisan ini akan melihat posisi Indonesia dan kondisi lingkungan yang mendorong Indonesia dalam menjalankan peran di ASEAN. Secara kronologis, tulisan ini akan melihat peran Indonesia di ASEAN pada masa Orde Baru pasca Perang Dingin, peran Indonesia di ASEAN pada masa krisis ekonomi Asia 1997, dan peran Indonesia di ASEAN pada masa pasca krisis ekonomi 1997. Tinjauan pustaka ini berusaha untuk menunjukkan konsensus, perdebatan, dan kesenjangan akademis dalam topik ini. Dari pemetaan literatur yang dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada masa Orde Baru pasca Perang Dingin, Indonesia tetap mampu menginisiasi kerja sama di ASEAN walaupun signifikansi ASEAN sempat dipertanyakan. Pada masa krisis ekonomi Asia 1997, krisis ekonomi, kebakaran hutan, dan instabilitas politik di Indonesia menjadi sumber masalah di ASEAN. Krisis tersebut membuat Indonesia berperan pasif di ASEAN. Pasca krisis, Indonesia kembali menunjukkan kepemimpinannya dengan menginisiasi Komunitas ASEAN maupun memediasi konflik di kawasan, salah satunya adalah kasus Preah Vihear. Namun pada periode pertama pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo, Indonesia dinilai tidak lagi memprioritaskan ASEAN dalam kebijakan luar negerinya. Indonesia berfokus pada urusan dalam negeri dan mencoba berperan lebih di tingkat internasional. Secara umum, peran Indonesia di ASEAN didominasi di sektor keamanan dan politik. Kajian literatur menunjukkan bahwa kepentingan, kepemimpinan, dan dinamika politik internal dan internasional memengaruhi peran yang dilakukan Indonesia di ASEAN.

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ABSTRACTSince its inception, Indonesia has often been associated as a leader in the institution of the Southeast Asian region, The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The end of the Cold War made Indonesia's role more diverse. This paper will look at Indonesia's position and environmental conditions that are driving Indonesia to play a role in ASEAN. Chronologically, this paper will look at Indonesia's role in ASEAN during the post-Cold War New Order, Indonesia's role in ASEAN during the 1997 Asian economic crisis, and Indonesia's role in ASEAN in the post-1997 economic crisis period. This literature review seeks to show consensus, debate, and academic gaps in this topic. From the literature mapping conducted, it can be concluded that in the post-Cold War New Order era, Indonesia was still able to initiate cooperation in ASEAN even though the significance of ASEAN was questioned. During the 1997 Asian economic crisis, the economic crisis, forest fires and political instability in Indonesia were a source of problems in ASEAN. The crisis made Indonesia a passive role in ASEAN. After the crisis, Indonesia again showed its leadership by initiating the ASEAN Community and mediating conflicts in the region, one of which was the Preah Vihear dispute. But in the first period of President Joko Widodo's administration, Indonesia was considered to no longer prioritize ASEAN in its foreign policy. Indonesia focuses on domestic affairs and tries to play a greater role at the international level. In general, Indonesia's role in ASEAN is dominated in the security and political sectors. The literature study shows that the interests, leadership, and dynamics of internal and international politics influence the role of Indonesia in ASEAN."