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"ABSTRAKUpaya dalam mewujudkan suatu UUD 1945 yang demokratis dapatterlihat dari proses pembuatannya yang dilakukan melalui mekanisme yangdemokratis dimana mekanisme yang demokratis adalah dengan melibatkan peranserta masyarakat dalam prosedur perubahannya. Dalam penelitian ini diajukan duamasalah pokok yaitu bagaimana pengaturan peran serta masyarakat dalamperubahan UUD yang pernah terjadi di Indonesia dan bagaimana peran sertamasyarakat dalam mekanisme perubahan UUD 1945 guna mewujudkan suatukonstitusi yang demokratis. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum doktrinal yangbersifat kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah dan perbandingan.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam perubahan UUD yang pernahterjadi di Indonesia, tidak disebutkan secara eksplisit pengaturan peran sertamasyarakat di dalamnya. Adapun peran serta masyarakat dalam mekanismeperubahan UUD 1945 baik perubahan pertama sampai dengan perubahan keempatguna mewujudkan suatu konstitusi yang demokratis, hanya diikutsertakan dalamdua tahapan dari tiga tahapan yang tersedia yaitu tahap sebelum perancanganUUD 1945 dan tahap pada saat perancangan UUD 1945. Adapun peran sertamasyarakat dalam tahap setelah perancangan UUD 1945 tidak dikutsertakankembali. Atas dasar uraian tersebut, maka perlu dicantumkan secara eksplisitperan serta masyarakat dalam perubahan UUD RI yang akan datang. Dengandemikian, akan terlaksananya jaminan pelaksanaan perubahan UUD RI denganmelibatkan peran serta masyarakat secara maksimal.

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ABSTRACTHow amendment process of UUD 1945 is made as well as what it says asthe democratic constitution of UUD 1945 is which that process was needed publicparticipation in the amendment procedure. I will examine two main problems,how is public participation regulated in constitution amendment process inIndonesia and how is public participation in constitution amendment process ofUUD 1945 to create a democratic constitution. This research is a kind of doctrinallegal research with qualitative design, using several approaches includinghystorical and comparative approach. The result of this research showed that inregulations of constitution amendment of UUD , they were not explicit norm ofpublic participation. Public participation in constitution amendment procedure ofUUD 1945 in first until fourth amendment process, public participationparticipated in two phases only, they were prae constitution amendment phase ofUUD 1945 and constitution amendment phase of UUD 1945. Post constitutionamendment phase of UUD 1945 was not participatin public participation in thatconstitution amendment process. Hences, it is so important to put eksplisit publicparticipation article in the next constitution amendment of UUD RI. This way isexpected to guarantee participating public participation in that constitutionamendment process of UUD."

"This article traces the pattern of conflict, collaboration, and compromise among trade unions, employers, political parties, executive branches, and economic research institutes in Germany, all of which have different stances regarding the introduction of a general statutory minimum wage there. This article examines the degree of political intervention in collective bargaining autonomy. First, it identifies the factors that bring about differences in stance. Second, it addresses the issue of actor independence—in particular, that of service trade unions—despite the placing of institutional factors, to establish a reference standard for the debate behind forming social movement alliances. Third, it examines the manner in which the policy's economic legitimacy is earned. We conclude that the emergence of a statutory minimum wage in Germany reflects the dynamic mix of postwar political practices in its own context with the effects of modern neoliberal economic policies."

"Eksistensi penderogasian HAM melalui penyederhanaan partai politik dalam dialektika negara hukum (rechstaat) mulai banyak dikaitkan dengan konsep ketatanegaraan yang demokratis, baik dalam masa demokrasi tidak langsung (undirect democration) atau pada masa demokrasi langsung (direct democration) di Indonesia, realitas ini ditandai dengan munculnya Parlimentary Treshold dalam UU Pemilu dan UU partai politik. Untuk memfokuskan pembahasan diatas, terutama yang berkaitan dengan korelasi HAM dan Partai Politik dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia. maka perlu dibatasi dengan metode yuridis normatif dengan menelaah kepustakaan dan perundang-undangan yang berhubungan dengan HAM dan Partai politik, serta mempertajam analisa secara komprehensif untuk memberikan solusi terhadap kebuntuan ketatatanegaraan Republik Indonesia saat ini dengan menggunakan Metode preskriptif evaluatif. Berhubungan dengan penegakan HAM melalui penyederhanaan partai politik akan banyak menimbulkan permasalahan ditengah maraknya sistem multi partai. Disatu sisi banyaknya partai politik dalam sistem presidensial akan berimplikasi terhadap efektifitas kinerja parlemen dan Presiden dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya. Disisi lain adanya pembatasan partai politik ditengarai sebagai bentuk pembatasan HAM terhadap setiap indifidu yang justru bertentangan dengan semangat hak asasi untuk terlibat dalam pemerintahan. Tidak cukup hanya berdasarkan atas Konvenan Internasional Pasal 4 yang melegitimasi adanya pemabatasan terhadap hak sipil politik atau bersandarkan kepada Pasal 28 J yang menagtur pembatasan HAM, melainkan dibutuhkan perundang-undangan yang mengatur lebih teknis tentang mekanisme penderogasian terhadap partai politik, baik melalui syarat pembentukan partai dan/atau syarat masuknya partai politik ke parlemen sehingga akan berdampak pada kinerja di parlemen dan efektifitas sistem presidensial yang sudah ada. Konsep penderogasian tersebut, tidak hanya berhenti melalui penderogasian terhadap partai politik melainkan dilanjutkan dengan penyederhanaan fraksi di parlemen sebagai wujud balances system di parlemen. Pembentukan dua fraksi, posisi dan oposisi sangat penting dilakukan untuk efektifitas pemerintahan dalam sistem presidensial dengan sistem multi partai seperti Indonesia ini.

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The Existence of Human Rights derogation through political party simplification in Law State (rechstaat) dialectics has been started to be associated with the democratic constitutional concept, either in indirect democracy era or direct democracy era in Indonesia. This reality is marked by the emergence of Parliamentary Threshold in Election and Political Party Laws.

To make focus the above discussion which is primarily about the correlation between Human Rights and Political party in Indonesian Constitutional System, the limitations are made. The research is limited by means of Juridical Normative Method by reviewing the literature and the laws that are related to Human Rights and Political Party. Moreover, it is also important to sharpen the analysis comprehensively to give the solution towards the impasse of current Indonesian Constitutional System by using Prescriptive Evaluative Method.

Human Rights establishment through the simplification of political party will trigger many problems in the midst of multi-party system. On one side, the amount of political parties in presidential system will have an implication towards the effectiveness of parliamentary performance and president in running their duties and functions. On the other side, the existence of political party limitation is suspected as the form of Human Rights restraint towards each individual which is contradict with the spirit of right to involve in governmental ruling. The 4th article of international covenant which is legitimate the existences of the political civil right limitation or the 8th J article of Human Rights restriction Laws are not enough. In spite of that, the laws which regulate about derogation mechanism more technically toward political party are needed. They are needed either through the requirement of party establishment and/or the requirement of political parties? inclusion into parliament, thus it will have an impact towards their performance in the parliament and the effectiveness of the current presidential system.

That derogation concept is not only stopped through the political parties derogation but also continued with the simplification of factions in the parliament as the form of balanced system in the parliament. The establishment of two factions, position and opposition is very important for government effectiveness in presidential system with multi-party system such as in Indonesia."