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"Castor Oil, yang komposisi terbesarnya asam risinoleat, dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pembuatan minyak lumas dasar. Castor Oil yang akan digunakan sebagai biofuel maupun sebagai pelumas harus diproses terlebih dahulu, terutama proses pemurnian. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan optimasi penambahan 1-oktanol dalam pembuatan minyak lumas dasar. Reaksi modifikasi tiga tahap pada Castor Oil dilakukan untuk memperbaiki karakteristik fisika-kimia, sehingga dapat dijadikan minyak lumas dasar berkualitas. Reaksi tersebut meliputi reaksi transesterifikasi, epoksidasi, dan pembukaan cincin epoksida menjadi OctMCO. Pembukaan cincin epoksida menggunakan 1-oktanol menggunakan katalis PTSA dan dilakukan variasi volume 1-oktanol (65, 95, 125 mL), suhu reaksi (60°C, 80°C, dan 100°C), dan waktu reaksi(6, 8, 10 jam). Dari hasil penelitian didapat komposisi optimum yaitu 95 mL 1-oktanol pada suhu 100°C selama 10 jam. OctMCO yang diperoleh memiliki keunggulan pada nilai titik tuang yang rendah. Hasil produk optimum dilakukan pencampuran dengan HVI 160 dan Yubase. Kompatibilitas OctMCO dengan HVI lebih baik dibandingkan dengan Yubase, hal itu terlihat dari banyaknya OctMCO yang tercampur dengan HVI. OctMCO yang bercampur dengan HVI 160 sebanyak 94,5% sedangkan dengan Yubase sebanyak 74,02%. Produk campuran dikarakteristik dan dihasilkan kenaikan indeks viskositas pada HVI dan Yubase.

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Castor Oil which is contain of ricinoleic acid at large compotition, utilized to produce base oil. Castor Oil to be used as a biofuel or as a lubricant must be processed first, especially the purification process. In this research, conducted optimization of the addition of 1-octanol in the manufacture of lubricating base oil.Castor oil is modified by three-step reactions to improve the physico-chemical characteristics with the good quality base lubricating. These steps include transesterification, epoxidation, and epoxy opening reaction to OctMCO. Epoxy opening reaction using alcohol compound and PTSA catalyst with variation volume of 1-octanol (65, 95, 125 mL), tempetature (60°C, 80°C, dan 100°C), and time of reaction (6, 8, 10 hours). From the research results obtained optimum conditions is 95 mL of 1-octanol at 100°C in 10 hours. OctMCO obtained has the specal quality of low pour point. The results optimum product performed mixing with HVI 160 and Yubase. Compatibility OctMCO with HVI better than it looks from the many OctMCO mixed with HVI. OctMCO mixed with HVI 160 is 94,5%; whereas mixed with Yubase is 74,02%. Blended products are characterized and show an increase in viscosity index of HVI 160 and Yubase."

"Castor oil merupakan salah satu minyak nabati yang dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan penggunaan minyak mineral. Reaksi modifikasi tiga tahap yang meliputi reaksi transesterifikasi, epoksidasi, dan pembukaan cincin epoksida menjadi HexMCO dilakukan untuk memperbaiki karakteristik castor oil. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan 1-heksanol pada reaksi pembukaan cincin epoksida dengan variasi volume, suhu serta waktu reaksi untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum dari reaksi tersebut. Karakterisasi produk menghasilkan kondisi optimum, yaitu pada penambahan 1-heksanol sebanyak 75 mL, dengan suhu 1000C selama 10 jam. Uji karakteristik HexMCO menunjukkan bahwa HexMCO memiliki nilai titik tuang yang baik. Uji kompatibilitas dilakukan dengan mencampurkan produk dengan minyak mineral HVI 160 dan Yubase. Karakterisasi produk campuran menunjukkan bahwa penambahan HexMCO meningkatkan indeks viskositas kedua campuran, baik dengan HVI 160 maupun Yubase, namun tidak terlalu mempengaruhi nilai titik nyala dan titik tuang campuran.

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Castor oil is one of the vegetable oil that can be used to replace the use of mineral oil. The ‘Three Steps Modification Reaction’, which include transesterification, epoxidation, and epoxy opening reaction become HexMCO, done to improve the characteristics of castor oil. In this research, 1-heksanol used on epoxy opening reaction with the variation of volume, temperature and reaction time to determine the optimum conditions of reaction. The optimum reaction is produced by added 75 mL of 1-hexanol at 1000C during 10 hours. Characteristic test of HexMCO show that it is have good characteristic of pour point. Compatibility test was used by blending the HexMCO with HVI 160 and Yubase mineral oil. Blended products are characterized. It shows that HexMCO will increase the viscosity index but it’s no tendency to increase flash point and pour point."

"Perubahan kondisi alam yang semakin mengkhawatirkan, mendorong berkembangnya penelitian mengenai pelumas yang lebih ramah lingkungan yang disebut biopelumas. Biopelumas merupakan pelumas yang berbahan dasar minyak nabati yang dapat terdegradasi secara biologis dan dapat diperbaharui. Salah satu contohnya adalah pelumas berbahan dasar minyak jarak Ricinus communis L. (Castor oil). Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan reaksi modifikasi tiga tahap pada Castor oil untuk memperbaiki karakteristik fisiko - kimia, sehingga dapat dijadikan minyak lumas dasar yang berkualitas. Tahapan tersebut, yaitu transesterifikasi menggunakan metanol dan katalis KOH untuk menghasilkan Castor Oil Methyl Ester (COME), epoksidasi dengan hidrogen peroksida dan katalis asam format untuk menghasilkan Epoxidized Castor Oil Methyl Ester (ECOME), serta pembukaan cincin epoksida dengan senyawa diol (1,4-butanadiol dan 1,6-heksanadiol) dan katalis PTSA untuk menghasilkan Butanediol Modified Castor Oil (BuMCO) dan Hexanediol Modified Castor Oil (HeMCO). Kemudian dilakukan pencampuran produk hasil modifikasi dengan minyak mineral (HVI 160 dan Yubase), karena adanya kesamaan komposisi hidrokarbon yang dimiliki oleh keduanya, sehingga dapat dilihat tingkat kompatibilitasnya untuk menghasilkan biopelumas yang berkualitas. Dari hasil penelitian, didapat komposisi senyawa diol optimum, yaitu 70 mL (0,7900 mol) 1,4-butanadiol dan 90 g (0,7614 mol) 1,6-heksanadiol. Produk Pencampuran produk dengan Yubase lebih baik dibandingkan dengan HVI 160, hal ini dibuktikan dari pengamatan visual dan uji viskositas.

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Changes in the natural condition that increasingly alarming, encouraging the development of research on the lubricant more environmentally friendly, called biolubricant. Biolubricant is vegetable oil based lubricant which biodegradable and renewable resources. For example is biolubricant from Jatropha plant (Castor oil). In this research, Castor oil is modified by three-step reactions to improve the physico - chemical characteristics with the good quality base lubricating oil. These steps, namely transesterification using methanol and KOH catalyst to produce Castor Oil Methyl Ester (COME), epoxidation using hydrogen peroxide and formic acid catalyst to produce Epoxidized Castor Oil Methyl Ester (ECOME), and epoxide ring opening reaction using diol compounds (1,4- butanediol and 1,6-hexanediol) and PTSA catalyst to produce Butanediol Modified Castor Oil (BuMCO) dan Hexanediol Modified Castor Oil (HeMCO). Then, modification products are mixed with mineral oil (HVI 160 and Yubase), because of the similarity of hydrocarbon compositions owned by both, so the level of compatibility to produce a quality biolubricant can be monitored. The results shows that the optimum composition of diol compounds are 70 ml (0,7900 mol) of 1,4-butanediol and 90 g (0,7614 mol) of 1,6-hexanediol. Mixing ECOME diol with Yubase is better than the HVI 160, this is evident from visual observation and viscosity test."

"Pelumas didefinisikan sebagai zat kimia yang diberikan di antara dua permukaan yang saling bergerak secara relatif untuk mencegah keausan pada permukaan. Pemakaian pelumas yang meliputi berbagai bidang, menuntut karakteristik pelumas yang aman bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan, selain memiliki kinerja yang baik terhadap mesin. Minyak nabati merupakan sumber terbaik untuk pengembangan minyak lumas yang ramah lingkungan. Dalam penelitian ini, minyak nabati dari tanaman Jarak (Castor Oil), yang komposisi terbesarnya asam risinoleat, dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pembuatan minyak lumas dasar. Dalam rangka meningkatkan sifat-sifat fisiko-kimianya, dilakukan Reaksi Modifikasi Tiga Tahap pada Castor Oil, meliputi transesterifikasi menjadi COME, epoksidasi menjadi ECOME, dan pembukaan cincin epoksida menjadi ProMCO dan PeMCO. Senyawa diol, yaitu 1,3-propanadiol dan 1,5-pentanadiol, digunakan dalam reaksi pembukaan cincin epoksida dengan tujuan meningkatkan kompatibilitas produk reaksi dengan minyak mineral. Produk tiap reaksi dikarakterisasi dan diperoleh kondisi optimum pada reaksi dengan 90 mL 1,3-propanadiol dan 80 mL 1,5-pentanadiol. Uji kompatibilitas dilakukan dengan mencampurkan produk terhadap HVI 160 dan Yubase Mineral Oil pada komposisi 4,8,12,16, dan 20%. Produk campuran dikarakterisasi dan diperoleh bahwa PromCO tidak meningkatkan indeks viskositas HVI 160, sebaliknya PeMCO meningkatkan indeks viskositas sampai 98 untuk komposisi 20%. Sedangkan pencampuran dengan Yubase menunjukkan peningkatan indeks viskositas sampai 134 untuk ProMCO dan 135 untuk PeMCO.

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Lubricant is defined as chemical substances applied between two surfaces in order to reduce the friction between them. Lubrication are applied in many sectors of life, thus a lube oil should be environmental and health friendly. Vegetable oil is a good source to produce lube oil that meets this criterion. In this research, vegetable oil from Jatropha (Castor Oil) which is contain of ricinoleic acid at large compotition, utilized to produce base oil. In order to optimize the physical and chemical characteristics, ‘Three Steps Modification Reaction’ is applied. These steps include transesterification to COME, epoxidation to ECOME, and epoxy opening reaction to ProMCO and PemCO. Two kind of diol substances, which are 1,3-propanadiol and 1,5-pentanadiol, are used in the epoxy opening reaction to increase the compatibility of product with mineral oil. Product from each reactions are characterized and optimum condition resulted at 90 mL of 1,3-propanediol and 80 mL of 1,5-pentanediol. Compatibility test was run by blending the each produt with HVI 160 and Yubase Mineral Oil in 4,8,12,16,and 20% of composition. Blended products are characterized. It shows ProMCO shows no tendency to increase the HVI 160’s Viscosity Index while PeMCO increase the viscosity index up to 98 in 20% composition, whereas the Yubase blended products shows an increase in viscosity index up to 134 for ProMCO and 135 for PeMCO."

"Pemakaian castor oil sebagai pelumas untuk mesin-mesin modern tidak bisa dilakukan karena mudah teroksidasi sehingga akan terbentuk resin dan deposit yang dapat menyebabkan penyumbatan. Resin dan deposit ini terbentuk karena minyak nabati mempunyai ikatan rangkap karbon yang mudah teroksidasi dalam struktur molekulnya. Untuk meningkatkan stabilitas oksidasi castor oil, pada penelitian ini dilakukan melalui dua cara. Pertama yaitu pencampuran antara castor oil dengan 4 macam aditif antioksidan yaitu Octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate (P), Pentaerythritol Tetrakis (3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) (F), Phenyl-alpha-naphthylamines (A) dan Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate (Zn). Kedua memodifikasi castor oil melalui proses awal transesterifikasi Untuk menguji ketahanan oksidasi digunakan metode microoxidation tester dan oksidation bulk, melalui metode ini diketahui nilai TAN, viskositas dan massa deposit.Hasil penelitian didapat bahwa castor oil yang ditambahkan aditif A (Phenyl-alphanaphthylamines) sebesar 1 %-berat memiliki tingkat oksidasi sangat baik dibanding dengan 3 macam aditif yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Stabilitas oksidasi castor oil dapat ditingkatkan melalui modifikasi castor oil dan menghasilkan produk ECOME dan COME Gliserol yang kualitas ketahanan oksidasinya makin baik dan stabil dibanding dengan castor oil murni. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dari hasil TAN, viskositas dan massa deposit, yang hasil kenaikannya semakin berkurang sehingga ketahanan oksidasinya meningkat. Serta dengan didukung indeks viskositas yang nilainya sangat tinggi dan memenuhi persyaratan base oil minyak lumas mesin dari API, castor oil hasil modifikasi dapat digunakan sebagai minyak lumas dasar."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas pengaruh penambahan aditif pemodifikasi gesekan serbuk MoS2 ukuran 1 5 m dengan jumlah mulai 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 dan 2 berat dan ukuran 90 nm sebesar 0 05 0 1 0 5 pada minyak lumas dasar mineral HVI 60 terhadap karakteristik gesekan dan perlindungan keausannya Aditif ukuran 90 nm dan minyak lumas dasar dicampur dan diaduk menggunakan magnetik stirrer selama enam puluh menit pada suhu 50oC setelah itu dimasukkan ke dalam ultrasonic homogenizer selama satu jam sedangkan aditif ukuran 1 5 m pada suhu 75oC tanpa menggunakan ultrasonic homogenizer Campuran yang dihasilkan diuji karakteristik gesekan dan perlindungan keausannya menggunakan mesin uji four ball dan mesin uji SRV Analisis dilakukan pada material bola uji menggunakan optical emission spectroscopy OES goresan permukaan bola uji menggunakan scanning electron microscope SEM dan minyak lumas sisa pengujian dengan alat uji rotating disk electrode RDE Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan aditif meningkatkan perlindungan keausan dengan dosis optimal sebesar 0 1 berat dengan rincian ukuran 1 5 m perbaikannya sebesar 23 dan ukuran 90 nm sebesar 11 Pengamatan permukaan goresan menunjukkan mekanisme keausan terjadi secara adesif dan abrasif Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini bisa digunakan sebagai dasar dalam pembuatan minyak lumas untuk aplikasi tertentu dengan mutu yang lebih baik

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality , This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ]"

"ABSTRAKPelumas merupakan bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari mesin. Pelumas dibutuhkan mesin untuk melindungi komponenkomponenmesin dari keausan. Prinsip dasar dari pelumasan itu sendiri adalah mencegah terjadinya gesekan antara dua permukaan logam yang bergerak, sehingga gerakan dari masingmasing logam dapat lancar tanpa banyak energi yang terbuang.Hingga saat ini, di Indonesia, penelitian sintesa pelumas dari minyak nabati khususnya minyak sawit belum menarik minat penelitian, apalagi menjadi kebijakan nasional dan diproduksi secara komersial. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan pelumas dasar nabati skala laboratorium setara pelumas mineral dan mendapatkan teknologi pembuatan katalis H3PO4/zeolit, dan menyederhanakan rangkaian proses dari 3 (tiga) tahapan proses menjadi 1 (satu) tahapan proses melalui transesterifikasi.Penelitian ini akan melalui beberapa tahapan metode sebagai berikut: preparasi dan karakterisasi katalis H3PO4/zeolit, uji reaksi katalitik pada reaktor berpengaduk (batch) skala lab volume 100 ml, dengan variasi temperatur (1501700C), dan variasi waktu reaksi (18 jam). Hasil sintesis pelumas nabati selanjutnya dikarakterisasi untuk melihat selektivitas, konversi dan yieldnya.Hasil yang diperoleh adalah Pembuatan Katalis H3PO4/zeolit mampu memperbesar luas permukaan, luas pori, dan diameter pori dari zeolit, akan tetapi penelitian ini belum berhasil memperoleh pelumas dasar nabati skala lab yang diinginkan yaitu adanya gugus hexyl ester pada produk hasil reaksi.

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ABSTRACTLubricant is indivisible part from machine. Lubricant is required machine to protect machine components from abrasion. Elementary principle from Iubrication of itself is prevent the happening of friction between two surfaces of peripatetic metal, so that movement from each metal earns is fluent without many energies which castaway.The existing finite, in Indonesia, research of Iubricant synthesis from vegetable oil especially palm oil has not drawn research enthusiasm, more than anything else become national policy and produced commercially. This research aim o get bioIubricant of mineral Iubricant equivalent laboratory scale and gets making technology of catalyst H3PO4/zeolit, and answers research problems of bioIubricant before all using homogeneous catalyst and makes moderate process network from three process step becomes one process step through transesterification.This research will pass some method steps as follows: preparation and characterisation of catalyst H3PO4/zeolit, catalytic reaction test at reactor is having churn ( batch) volume laboratory scale 100 ml, with various temperature ( 1501700C), and various reaction time ( 18 hours). Result of vegetable Iubricant synthesis herein after characterisated to see selectivity, conversion and yield.Result obtained is make of catalyst H3PO4/zeolit can enlarge surface area, pore wide, and pore diameter from zeolite, however this research has not successfully obtains vegetation base Iubricant of laboratory scale wanted that is existence of bunch hexyl ester at product result of reaction."

"Minyak jarak kaliki atau yang dikenal luas sebagai castor oil mempunyai potensi untuk menggantikan minyak bumi atau mineral oil sebagai bahan dasar pelumas, khususnya untuk pelumasan temperatur dan putaran rendah. Untuk hal tersebut perlu dilakukan pembandingan minyak jarak kaliki dengan minyak bumi. Hasil pengujian yang dilakukan menyatakan bahwa minyak jarak kaliki adalah fluida Newtonian, mempunyai ketahanan tegangan geser yang kuat terhadap regangan, mempunyai kestabilan kekentalan dinamik yang baik terhadap perubahan temperatur rendah dan tinggi, mempunyai kandungan Carbon, Sulfur, dan debu yang berada di bawah batas maksimal pelumas dasar, mudah melarutkan aditif, serta memiliki nilai TBN yang tinggi. Namun disamping itu minyak jarak kaliki mempunyai kekurangan antara lain memiliki TAN yang tinggi, rentan terhadap oksidasi dan mempunyai banyak kandungan air. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa performa minyak jarak kaliki dibandingkan dengan minyak bumi yang keduanya menggunakan bahan aditif dengan jenis dan komposisi yang sama dapat digunakan sebagai pelumas akan tetapi performa minyak jarak kaliki masih di bawah minyak bumi.

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Jarak kaliki oil or well known as castor oil, has a potential to replace mineral oil as base lubricant, especially for lubrication in low temperature and rotation. Because of that, it is needed to compare castor oil with mineral oil. The result from the experiment that has been done, it is known that castor oil is Newtonian fluid, has a good shear stress resistant to shear strain, has a good viscosity stability to temperature difference, has carbon, sulfur, and ash content below maximum limit in another base lubricant, easy to dissolve additive, and has a high TBN. But castor oil also has disadvantages such as has high TAN, susceptible to oxidate, and has over water content. From the performance test, it is known performance between castor oil compared with mineral oil when both base oil added with the same kind and amount additive show that castor oil performance below mineral oil performance."

"Dari hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan maka dapat diketahui bahwa pemakaian aditif Zn-ddf untuk minyak pelumas sangatlah diperlukan. Dimana kinerja dari mesin kendaraan bermotor yang memakainya akan bertambah performance / Unjuk kerjanya, disamping itu minyak pelumas akan lebih lama pemakaiannya dibanding yang tidak ditambah aditif Zn-ddf. Disini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan 4 macam aditif Zn-ddf yaitu 2-Butanol, Iso Propanol, Ethanol, lso Butanol dapat meningkatkan Load Wear Index dari minyak pelumas. Pada pengujian dengan mesin four ball menunjukkan bahwa minyak lumas dasar yang ditambah dengan Aditif Zn-ddf sekitar 0,5-1,5% mempunyai unjuk kerja angka load wear index hampir sama dengan angka yang dimiliki oleh minyak pelumas mesran 20 W / 50.Dari pengujian Mesin SRV didapat hasil Friksi yang baik dimana masih dibawah angka batas maximum yang diizinkan sekitar 0.5. Dari Uji Viskositas didapat angka kekentalan yang baik untuk ukuran minyak pelumas. Penggantian minyak pelumas juga bisa lebih lama sehingga dapat menghemat biaya pemeliharaan mesin. Karena dengan menggunakan aditif Zn-ddf ini juga dapat memperpanjang umur dari mesin karena sifat dari zat tersebut yang dapat melapisi logam. Sehingga dapat menghilangkan oksidasi yang terjadi saat pengoperasian dan memperkecil keausan dari mesin tersebut.

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From result and experiment that was conducted it can be concluded that the use additive Zn-ddf for lubricant oil is extremely needed. Because engine performance will increase significantly, in addition used duration of the oil will be longer. So it can be concluded that the use 4 types of additive Zn-ddf which are Iso Butanol, 2-Butanol, Iso Propanol, Ethanol can increase Load Wear Index of the lubricant oil. The test result using Four Ball Engine shows that lubricant oil with additive Zn-ddf (0.5 - 1.5 %) have Load Wear Index performance almost equal to the index attached to Mesran 20 W / 50.

The test using SRV Engine shows that the use additive Zn-ddf result good friction, which is below maximum limit. Viscosity test shows viscosity Index which is relatively good lubricant oil. As a result lubricant oil replacement will be longer so the maintenance cost can be reduced. The application of additive Zn-ddf can prolong the life Engine because of its metal protecting nature. It can also eliminate oxidation during engine operation and minimize the risk of engine wearing thin. "

"ABSTRAKGemuk lumas adalah semi cairan hingga padat yang merupakan campuran dari bahan dasar, pengental, dan aditif. Minyak jarak duri Ricinus communis L. memiliki peran potensial sebagai minyak dasar gemuk lumas, namun mudah teroksidasi. Penambahan aditif antioksidan dapat menunda reaksi oksidasi pada gemuk lumas food grade. Aditif antioksidan adalah BHT, TBHQ, dan HMWP. Li 12-hidroksistearat digunakan sebagai bahan pengental. Gemuk lumas food grade diformulasikan melalui proses saponifikasi-pelarutan-pendinginan-homogenisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gemuk lumas food grade yang memiliki performa pelumasan yang baik, stabil dan dapat dioperasikan pada suhu yang cukup tinggi dengan menggunakan minyak jarak duri Ricinus communis L. sebagai bahan dasar. Serta mempelajari pengaruh variasi konsentrasi bahan pengental 15 dan 17 , variasi konsentrasi 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, dan 2 dan jenis aditif antioksidan terhadap karakteristik gemuk lumas. Karakteristik tersebut meliputi dropping point, konsistensi, klasifikasi NLGI, dan ketahanan korosi, serta ketahanan oksidasi pada minyak jarak duri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gemuk lumas food grade yang dihasilkan memiliki dropping point 189-194 oC, konsistensi kekerasan lunak hingga sedang, NLGI 1-3, ketahanan korosi 1a, serta semua antioksidan efektif meningkatkan ketahanan oksidasi pada minyak jarak duri.

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ABSTRACTGrease is a semi fluid to solid mixture of a fluid lubricant, a thickener, and additives. Castor oil Ricinus communis L. has a potential roles as a grease lubricating base oil, but it has easily oxidized. The addition of antioxidant additives can delay oxidation reaction on food grade grease. Antioxidant additives are BHT, TBHQ, and HMWP. The thickening agent for the grease is Lithium 12 hydroxystearate soap. The food grade grease formulated through a saponification dilution cooling homogenization process. The aimed of this research is to obtain food grade grease which has a good lubrication performance, stable and can be operated at high temperature by using castor oil Ricinus communis L. as the based oil. And studying the effect of concentration variations of thickening agents 15 and 17 , concentration variations 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 and types of antioxidant additives to the characteristics of grease. These characteristics included dropping point, consistency, NLGI classification, and corrosion resistance, and also oxidative resistance to castor oil. The results showed that the food grade grease had dropping point 189 194 oC, soft to moderate hardness consistency, NLGI 1 3, corrosion resistance 1a, and all the antioxidants effective to increased oxidative resistance of castor oil."