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"[ABSTRAKSemakin baik dan banyaknya hasil eksperimen di bidang nuklir, menjadi faktor pendorongbagi fisikawan nuklir untuk melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai interaksidan struktur nuklir. Alhasil, banyak reaksi yang bertujuan untuk menjelaskan,membandingkan bahkan memperkirakan hal ini, salah satunya adalah fotoproduksikaon netral pada deuteron. Telah dipelajari sebuah model sederhana untuk reaksifotoproduksi kaon netral pada deuteron yaitu model isobar dengan menggunakanpendekatan impuls. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari penampang lintangeksklusif dan inklusif dari fotoproduksi kaon netral pada deuteron dengan beberapakeadaan kinematik, dan dibandingkan dengan eksperimen [6]. Hasil yang didapatkanmenunjukkan penampang lintang inklusif lebih besar daripada penampang lintangeksklusif karena pada penampang lintang inklusif hanya mendeteksi kaon saja, danuntuk penampang lintang eksklusif mendeteksi kaon dan hiperon secara simultan,makin banyak partikel yang dideteksi makin kecil penampang lintangnya. Penampanglintang eksklusif dengan momentum proton = 0 lebih besar dibandingkan denganmomentum proton tidak nol, hal ini dikarenakan peluang terjadinya reaksilebih besar ketika neutron dalam deuteron diam. Untuk penampang lintang eksklusifdengan variasi momentum proton, paling besar penampangnya berada pada arahsumbu Z, yaitu searah dengan masuknya proyektil foton riil saat terjadinya reaksi.Kaon paling banyak mengalami hamburan pada sudut kecil, sementara pada sudutyang besar penampang lintangnya kecil. Amplitudo transisi deuteron berperan pentingdalam reaksi eksklusif maupun inklusif yaitu dalam menentukan puncak-puncakkurva penampang lintang tersebut.

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ABSTRACTThe abundance experimental results in the nuclear eld, becomes a driving factor fornuclear physicists to conduct further research on interactions and nuclear structure.As a result, many reactions aims to explain, compare and even estimate it, one ofwhich is the neutral kaon photoproduction on deuteron. It has been studied a simplemodel for the reaction of the neutral kaon photoproduction on deuteron with isobarsmodel using impulse approximation. This research aims to learn the exclusiveand inclusive cross section of neutral kaon photoproduction on deuteron with somekinematic state, and compared with experiments [6]. The results obtained indicatethe inclusive cross section larger than the exclusive cross section because for theinclusive cross section only detect kaon, and exclusive cross section detect kaon andhyperon simultaneously, more particles are detected the smaller cross section will be.Exclusive cross section with proton momentum = 0 is larger than when proton momentumis not zero, because of the possibilty for greater reaction is when a neutronin the deuteron is not moving. For the exclusive cross section with variation protonmomentum, the largest cross section is in the axis-Z, that have the same directionwith the entry of projectile photon real. Kaon experiences the most scattering atsmall angles, while at large angles have a small cross section. Transition amplitudeon deuteron plays an important role in the reaction that exclusive or inclusive indetermining the peaks of the cross section of the curve, The abundance experimental results in the nuclear eld, becomes a driving factor fornuclear physicists to conduct further research on interactions and nuclear structure.As a result, many reactions aims to explain, compare and even estimate it, one ofwhich is the neutral kaon photoproduction on deuteron. It has been studied a simplemodel for the reaction of the neutral kaon photoproduction on deuteron with isobarsmodel using impulse approximation. This research aims to learn the exclusiveand inclusive cross section of neutral kaon photoproduction on deuteron with somekinematic state, and compared with experiments [6]. The results obtained indicatethe inclusive cross section larger than the exclusive cross section because for theinclusive cross section only detect kaon, and exclusive cross section detect kaon andhyperon simultaneously, more particles are detected the smaller cross section will be.Exclusive cross section with proton momentum = 0 is larger than when proton momentumis not zero, because of the possibilty for greater reaction is when a neutronin the deuteron is not moving. For the exclusive cross section with variation protonmomentum, the largest cross section is in the axis-Z, that have the same directionwith the entry of projectile photon real. Kaon experiences the most scattering atsmall angles, while at large angles have a small cross section. Transition amplitudeon deuteron plays an important role in the reaction that exclusive or inclusive indetermining the peaks of the cross section of the curve]"

"Sebuah model fenomenologis sederhana untuk reaksi fotoproduksi kaon yang bekerja dari energi ambang hingga energi tinggi dipelajari dan dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini. Model ini merupakan kombinasi antara model isobarik; yang bekerja pada energi menengah, dan model Regge; yang bekerja pada energi tinggi. Kombinasi dicapai dengan menggunakan formalisme Regge pada amplitudo kanal resonansi t dengan partikel pertukaran K* dan K1. Pada daerah energi menengah, diperoleh efek redaman amplitudo yang lebih baik dibandingkan penggunaan faktor bentuk hadronik. Pada daerah energi tinggi, diperoleh deskripsi yang baik untuk sudut hamburan kecil namun belum diperoleh hasil yang baik untuk sudut sangat kecil, 0.9 ≤ Cos θ ≤ 1.0. Penggunaan model ini untuk integrasi GDH sum rule memberikan kontribusi yang konvergen pada kanal reaksi fotoproduksi kaon.

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Kaon Photo production in the High-Energy RegionA simple phenomenological model for kaon photo production which works from thresh-old up to the high energy region is studied and developed in this work. The model is a combination of isobaric model; which works in the intermediate energy region, and Regge model; which works in the high energy model. The combination is achieved by using Regge formalism for the t-channel resonance amplitude with exchange particles K* and K1. In the intermediate energy region, we obtain better cut-off effect compared to the use of hadronic form factors. In he high energy region, we obtain good results for small scattering angle, but the model still unable to describe the experimental data at very forward angles, 0.9 ≤ Cos θ ≤ 1.0. Integration of the GDH sum rule with this model gives a convergent result for the contributions of kaon photo production to the GDH sum rule."

"During the first and second year of the research activities, the following progress has been achieved:1. Investigation of the Response Functions. All possible Response Functions in photo- and electroproduction of kaons on the nucleon have been investigated in the framework of an isobaric model. We found that some Response Functions are sensitive to the choice of the strange hadron form factors. Meanwhile, we have also improved the elementary model for kaon photoproduction by using a certain method to maintain gauge invariance of the amplitude. We have published the results in Ref. [1, 2, 3] (see attachments).2. Some Phenomenological Aspects in Kaon Photoproduction. The elementary operator can be used to study some interesting aspects in kaon photoproduction, i.e. the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum-rule and the missing resonance in kaon photoproduction. We have published the results in Ref. [4, 5]3. Photoproduction of Kaon off a Deuteron. Using an established and consistent model for kaon photoproduction on the nucleon, we have calculated photoproduction of kaons on the deuteron in the frame-work of the nucleon spectator model. We have compared the result with the previous study by Xiaodong Li et. al. [6] in Ref. [7]4. Photoproduction of Kaon off a Deuteron with Final State Interactions. The previous work has been extended by including the effects from final state inter-actions (FSI). To achieve this, we used the formalism of three-body wave functions developed by the Okayama-Bochum group. The results have been published in Ref. [8].5. Electroproduction of Kaon off a Deuteron with Final State Interactions.As the final work of this project, we have finished the fortran code for calculating kaon electroproduction of a deuteron. This part became a collaborated work with the Okayama-Bochum group."

"Investigation of the Response Functions. All possible Response Functions in photo- and electroproduction of kaons on the nucleon have been investigated in the framework of an isobaric model. We found that some Response Functions are sensitive to the choice of the strange hadron form factors. Meanwhile, we have also improved the elementary model for kaon photoproduction by using a certain method to maintain gauge invariance of the amplitude. We have published the results in Ref. [I, 2, 3] (see attachments). Photoproduction of Kaon off a Deuteron. Using an established and consistent model for kaon photoproduction on the nucleon, we have calculated photoproduction of kaons on the deuteron in the frame-work of the nucleon spectator model. We have compared the result with the previous study by Xiaodong Li et. al. [4]."

"Data total penampang lintang terbaru SAPHIR p(γ, K +)A menunjukkan struktur resonan pada energi total pusat massa sekitar 1900 MeV. Kami menyelidiki keadaan ini dengan menggunakan model isobarik, dan mencoba membandingkan 3 jenis formalisme propagator spin 3/2, yaitu formalisme propagator Adelseck, Behrends-Pronsdal dan Pascalutsa. Kami menemukan bahwa struktur ini dapat dijelaskan dengan memasukkan resonan baru D13 pada 1895 MeV. Selain itu ternyata formalisme propagator spin 3/2 Pascalutsa memberikan hasil yang terbaik dibandingkan dengan formalisme yang lain.

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New SAPHIR p(γ, K+)A total cross section data show a resonance structure at a total c.m. energy around 1900 MeV. We investigate this feature with an isobar model, and try to compare 3 models of spin 3/2 propagator of Adelseck, Behrends-Fronsdal, and Pascalutsa. We find that the structure can be well explained by including a new D13 resonance at 1895 MeV. We also find that the spin 3/2 propagator of Pascalutsa shows the best result."

"[ABSTRAKTelah dipelajari dan dikembangkan sebuah model sederhana untuk reaksi fotoproduksikaon pada neutron dari deuteron yaitu model isobar dengan menggunakanpendekatan impuls. Nilai yang dicari adalah nilai penampang lintang diferensialdengan variasi energi foton dimulai dari 1,15 GeV-3,55 GeV. Hasil penelitian inimenunjukkan reaksi + n ! K++􀀀 dapat diektraksi dari reaksi + d ! K++􀀀+ p. Selain itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil penelitian antara data teori dengandata eksperimen berbeda jauh, data teori melampaui jauh diatas nilai data eksperimen.Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan hasil data teori dengan eksperimenjauh berbeda disebabkan oleh elemen operator dimana nilai elemen operator yangdigunakan memiliki nilai maksimum 2 GeV sedangkan data ekperimen hingga mencapainilai 3 GeV. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan data teori dengan menggunakanmodel missing resonans harus dikalikan dengan faktor pengali agar t dengan hasileksperimen.

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ABSTRACTHas been studied and developed A simple model for reaction of positive kaon onneutron from deuteron in a isobaric model using impulse approximation. The calculationcovered dierential cross section. The value is analyzed with energy rangestart from 1.15-3.55 GeV. The result show that the cross section for + n! K++􀀀can be extracted from the reaction + d ! K+ + 􀀀 + p. The research can beconcluded that the result of theory is over predicted and the one of this factor isoperator elementary that the maximum value we used is 2 GeV, whereas the resultof experiment until 3 GeV. This is make me the theory data using missing resonancemust be times with a times factor to t with the experiment result, Has been studied and developed A simple model for reaction of positive kaon onneutron from deuteron in a isobaric model using impulse approximation. The calculationcovered dierential cross section. The value is analyzed with energy rangestart from 1.15-3.55 GeV. The result show that the cross section for + n! K++􀀀can be extracted from the reaction + d ! K+ + 􀀀 + p. The research can beconcluded that the result of theory is over predicted and the one of this factor isoperator elementary that the maximum value we used is 2 GeV, whereas the resultof experiment until 3 GeV. This is make me the theory data using missing resonancemust be times with a times factor to t with the experiment result]"

"Keberadaan resonansi nukleon yang hilang dapat dicari dengan menggunakan produksi elektromagnetik dari kaon pada total energi c.m. sampai dengan 2,2 GeV. Penelitian ini didasarkan pada model isobar dan menemukan bahwa resonansi nukleon tertentu sangat diperlukan untuk menjelaskan beberapa proses hamburan. Resonan-resonan nukleon S11(1650), D13(2080), P11(1710), P13(1720), S11(2090), P11(2100), P11(1840), resonan meson K(892), dan resonan hyperon S01(1800), S01(1810) dilibatkan untuk perhitungan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil perhitungan dengan melibatkan resonan-resonan ini menunjukkan hasil kecocokan yang dengan data. Sesuai dengan penelitian sebelumnya [17], dengan sangat kecilnya kontribusi dari resonan P11(1710), maka dapat dikatakan bahwa resonan ini tidak harus digunakan untuk mereproduksi data dengan baik. Hasil dari penelitian ini menguatkan hasil penelitian dari grup Bonn-Gatchina [10,11,12] bahwa penyertaan dari resonan P13(1900) dan P11(1840) memperbaiki nilai dari fi2 dengan cukup signifikan. Khususnya untuk resonan P13(1900) mempunyai kontribusi yang sangat penting untuk mereproduksi data polarisasi Cx dan Cz [15].

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Recently, it has been realized that the constituent quark models predict much more nucleon resonance states than that found in the pion-nucleon scattering and recorded in the Particle Data Book. Those resonances missing in the Particle Data Book are later called as missing resonances. We have searched for the existence of these missing nucleon resonances by using electromagnetic production of kaon at total c.m. energies from threshold up to 2.2 GeV. Employing the diagrammatic techniques called isobar model, the scattering amplitude of p(;K+) has been derived with the coupling constants being determined phenomenologically by a least-squares t to the available experimental data.

It is found that certain nucleon resonances are strongly needed to explain the process. Born terms meson-baryon interaction are included in the model via nucleon intermediate state in the s- and u-channels and meson exchanges in the t-channel amplitude. The nucleon resonances S11(1650), D13(2080), P11(1710), P13(1720), P13(1900), S11(2090), P11(2100), P11(1840), meson resonances K(892), and hyperon resonances S01(1800), S01(1810) are taken into account explicitly in the calculation. Comparison between the extracted resonance parameters and those of the quark models shows a good agreement with experimental data. Similar with previous study [17], we do not nd any compelling requirement for including the P11(1710) state in order to reproduce the experimental p(;K+) data. Our result corroborates the claim of Bonn-Gatchina group [10,11,12] on the importance of P13(1900) and P11(1840) states in improving the 2. Especially for P13(1900), its contribution is very important to reproduce the Cx and Cz data [15]."

"ABSTRAKPenyelidikan tentang faktor bentuk hadronik pada fotoproduksi kaon telah menghasilkanmodel standar terbaik. Model standar terbaik berisi kombinasi faktorbentuk hadronik untuk masing-masing vertex fotoproduksi kaon yang diselidikimenggunakan model isobar. Nilai c2=N minimum yang diperoleh dari modelstandar terbaik adalah 2.13. Masing-masing vertex fotoproduksi kaon memilikikesesuaian penggunaan faktor bentuk hadronik yang berbeda-beda, antara lainmenggunakan jenis dipole, eksponensial, generalized dipole (1), generalizeddipole (2), atau generalized dipole (3). Selain kombinasi faktor bentuk hadronik,model standar terbaik juga menghasilkan nilai parameter cut-off untuk setiap vertexnya.Upaya perbaikan terhadap model standar terbaik dilakukan dengan seleksidata eksperimen berdasarkan analisis konsistensi data dan seleksi berdasarkansimpangan R. Namun, hasil seleksi data kurang memuaskan karena tidak adapenurunan nilai c2=N yang signifikan. Parameter cut-off dan konstanta koplingjuga diselidiki pengaruhnya terhadap model dengan cara memvariasikan nilaikeduanya. Variasi parameter cut-off untuk vertex meson K(892) dengan kenaikandan penurunan 10% menyebabkan adanya pergeseran hasil fit dari model standarterbaik. Sementara itu, variasi konstanta kopling tidak menghasilkan perubahancukup besar pada model standar terbaik.

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ABSTRACTWe have produced the best standard model of kaon photoproduction off the protonusing hadronic form factors. The best standard model, which is investigated usingisobar model, contains combination of hadronic form factors for each vertex in kaonphotoproduction. The value of c2=N achieved in this work is 2.13. Each vertexsof kaon photoproduction perform different suitability using several hadronic formfactors, those are the dipole, exponential, generalized dipole (1), generalized dipole(2), or else generalized dipole (3). Furthermore, the best standard model producedthe specific value of cut-off parameter for each vertex. We also try to improve thebest standard model by selecting the experimental data using consistency analysismethod and deviation method. However, both methods perform no improvement. Inthe final work, we investigate the effect of cut-off parameter and coupling constanton the best standard model by varying their values. Cut-off parameter for K(892)meson show different result from the best standard model after varying its value inthe range of 10%. Meanwhile, variation on coupling constant perform not enoughdifferences to be noted."