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"Pada tahun yang lalu, jakni pada tahun 1956 bulan Juli, oleh gabungan Sam kaur Indonesia diterbitkan sebuah buku Tjung Yung, terjemahan dari kitab kuno Tionghua Chung Yung... kedalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Tuan Tjan Khing Yong. Penerbitan ini menunujukkan bahwa pelajaran K'ung-tzo.... (Confucius 551-479 seblm masehi), yang kurang lebih dua puluh lima abad tuanya dan antara lain termaktub dalam kitab tersebut, masih mendapat perhatian terus-menerus dari golongan tertentu."

"ABSTRACTKedatangan Hwagyo ke Korea diprakarsai oleh empat puluh pedagang dari Dinasti Qing di akhir abad ke-19. Dinamika kehidupannya melewati banyak masa hingga sampai ke masa Park Chung Hee. Studi ini akan berfokus pada kehidupan Hwagyo di masa Park Chung Hee. Studi ini dimulai dari sejarah cikal bakal masyarakat Hwagyo di Korea. Kemudian, studi ini akan menampilkan corak umum pemerintahan Park Chung Hee beserta kebijakan-kebijakannya yang terasa diskriminatif bagi kaum Hwagyo di Korea. Studi ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari tahap heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historiografi. Selain itu, studi ini juga menampilkan cuplikan wawancara terhadap kaum Hwagyo yang merasa terdiskriminasi oleh kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintahan Park Chung Hee.

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ABSTRACTHwagyo 39 s arrival to Korea was initiated by forty merchants from the Qing Dynasty at the end of the 19th century. The dynamics of their life went through time up to the time until Park Chung Hee rsquo s era. This study will focus on the life of Hwagyo in Park Chung Hee 39 s era. This study starts from the history of the Hwagyo in Korea. Later, this study will discuss about Park Chung Hee 39 s government and its discriminatory policies againts Hwagyo in Korea. This study uses historical methods consisting of heuristic stages, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. In addition, the study also features few interviews with Hwagyo who feel discriminated against by Park Chung Hee 39 s government policiesHwagyo 39 s arrival to Korea was initiated by forty merchants from the Qing Dynasty at the end of the 19th century. The dynamics of their life went through time up to the time until Park Chung Hee rsquo s era. This study will focus on the life of Hwagyo in Park Chung Hee 39 s era. This study starts from the history of the Hwagyo in Korea. Later, this study will discuss about Park Chung Hee 39 s government and its discriminatory policies againts Hwagyo in Korea. This study uses historical methods consisting of heuristic stages, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. In addition, the study also features few interviews with Hwagyo who feel discriminated against by Park Chung Hee 39's government policies."

"In 1961 South Korea was mired in poverty. By 1979 it had a powerful industrial economy and a vibrant civil society in the making, which would lead to a democratic breakthrough eight years later. The transformation took place during the years of Park Chung Hee's presidency. Park seized power in a coup in 1961 and ruled as a virtual dictator until his assassination in October 1979. He is credited with modernizing South Korea, but at a huge political and social cost.South Korea's political landscape under Park defies easy categorization. The state was predatory yet technocratic, reform-minded yet quick to crack down on dissidents in the name of political order. The nation was balanced uneasily between opposition forces calling for democratic reforms and the Park government's obsession with economic growth. The chaebol (a powerful conglomerate of multinationals based in South Korea) received massive government support to pioneer new growth industries, even as a nationwide campaign of economic shock therapy-interest hikes, devaluation, and wage cuts-met strong public resistance and caused considerable hardship.This landmark volume examines South Korea's era of development as a study in the complex politics of modernization. Drawing on an extraordinary range of sources in both English and Korean, these essays recover and contextualize many of the ambiguities in South Korea's trajectory from poverty to a sustainable high rate of economic growth."

"ABSTRAKJurnal ini membahas mengenai kritik sosial yang ingin disampaikan oleh Kim Chi Ha terhadap pemerintahan Park Chung Hee dalam tiga puisinya yang berjudul Tanenun Mokmareumeuro, Yeoul 2 dan Jageun Geoseul Boja. Jurnal ini ingin memperlihatkan keadaan Korea Selatan yang menderita akibat pemerintahan Park Chung Hee yang otoriter dan anti demokrasi, melalui kritik yang disampaikan oleh Kim Chi Ha melalui simbol-simbol yang ada di dalam puisinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah melalui pendekatan semiotik dengan metode kualitatif serta analisis deskriptif dan penggunaan metode studi pustaka sebagai metode pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ketiga puisi karangan Kim Chi Ha menggambarkan pemerintahan Park Chung Hee yang anti demokrasi, tidak memperlakukan rakyatnya secara manusiawi dan tidak adanya hubungan yang harmonis antara rakyat dan pemerintah.

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ABSTRACTThis journal discusses the social criticism from Kim Chi Ha to Park Chung Hee 39 s government in his three poems entitled Tanenun Mokmareumeuro, Yeoul 2 and Jageun Geoseul Boja. This journal wants to show the state of South Korea suffering from authoritarian and anti democratic of Park Chung Hee rsquo s government, through criticism delivered by Kim Chi Ha by symbols in his poetry. The method used is through semiotic method with qualitative methods and descriptive analysis and the use of literature as a method of data collection. The results of the research from this journal are through the criticisms of Taneun Mokmareumeuro poetry, Yeoul 2 and Jageun Geoseul Boja, seen that the Park Chung Hee government is an anti democratic government, does not treat its people humanely and there is no harmonious relationship between the people and government."