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"Desentralisasi atau pemberian wewenang kepada manajer perusahaan merupakan salah satu upaya pemerintah Republik Rakyat Cina untuk melaksanakan reformasi industri. Desentralisasi ini secara nasional dilaksanakan mulai tahun 1979. Tujuan desentralisasi ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kapasitas produksi serta efisiensi. Dalam desentralisasi ini perusahaan-perusahaan negara dilibatkan dalam mekanisme pasar. Para manajer diperbolehkan untuk membeli atau menjual, merencanakan dan menentukan produksinya. Selain itu mereka juga diberikan wewenang untuk menangani masalah-masalah perburuhan. Akibat dilaksanakannya desentralisasi ini menimbulkan reaksi penentangan dari para birokrat. Hal ini membutuhkan penanganan dari pemerintah maupun partai. Selain munculnya reaksi birokrat, desentralisasi juga telah memperlonggar pengawasan birokrat, sehingga muncul dampak buruk baru."

"Jepang merupakan negara donor terbesar dan inverstor utama bagi Indonesia. Indonesia yang memiliki kekayaan alam yang melimpah dan wilayah yang besar memiliki peran sangat strategis bagi kehidupan ekonomi Jepang, sementara Jepang sendiri memiliki keunggulan teknologi canggih dan kemampuan ekonomi. Namu, hubungan kedua negara belum memberi manfaat yang setara dan sepadan bagi kedua belah pihak. Fakta menunjukkan hubungan resmi antara kedua negara yang sudah berlangsung lebih dari 50 tahun belum mampu menghasilkan kerjasama yang seimbang seperti yang diharapkan oleh bangsa Indonesia, sementara Jepang dengan keunggulannya lebih mampu menikmati hasil alam Indonesia. Dari segi kepentingan Jepang, kerjasama Indonesia – Jepang lebih banyak didasari oleh kepentingan subjektif dan belum diarahkan membentuk partnership yang menghasilkan keseimbangan keuntungan masing-masing pihak …. "

"ABSTRACTIndonesian administration so far has produced several decentralization policies contained the principles of federal anangcments: Acts No. 2/I999 concerning Local Administration, and two specific autonomy regulation i.e. Acts No. l8r2001 conceming Specific Autonomy for Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (Aceh Province) and Acts No. 2l/th 2001 concerning Specific Autonomy for Papua Province. Those regulations hold some federal arrangements principles which in turn raised opinions about lndonesia`s shift from unitary state (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia) to federal administration system. Judicially, as well as empirically, such decentralization policies which led to federal system have influenced the implementation of State Function as mandated by the 1945 Constitution.This research hold several purposes. First, to explain reasons behind decentralization policies as implied on Acts No. 22/1999 and Acts No. 32/2004 which led to federal system administration. Second, to untold the influence of decentralization policies over state function based on unitary state , administration as experienced by The Republic of Indonesia not-radays. Third, to formulate efforts in order to adjust such decentralization policies supporting state functions as mandated by 1945 Constitution.As normative law research, the researcher examinated literature material consisted of primary law material, i.e regulation about local administration; secondary law "aterial, i.e. literature related with governance: and tertiary law material, i.e. dictionary and encyclopedia of law. This research employed theory of law state as grand theory, power segregation theory as middle range theory and decentralization theory as applied theory. To support the analysis, reviews about administration on several unitary state and federal state was added. Content analysis was conducted to attain details concerning decentralization which led to federal arrangements implied on regulations concerning local administration. Such analysis also worked to describe Local Administration policies according to the development history of constitutuion.There are several conclusions following research and findings. First, there are two reasons that lie beneath decentralization policies as implied on Acts No. 2/1999 and Acts No. 32/2004 which in turn led to Federal System: (a) to maintain the entirety of Indonesia as unitary state (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia): and (b) to implement equality in development for nation`s wealth. Second, decentralization policies which led to federal administration system have resulted on both positive and negative consequences. Positive result comes from democracy uprising in governmental practices, meanwhile the negative one was Constitution mismatched in several affairs. Third, in order to keep decentralization policies successfully supporting state function as mandated by 1945 Constitution, one must arrange immediately implementation regulation derived from Acts No. 32/2004 by prioritize articles which potentially bring about various interpretations and vaguely understood by many parties.

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AbstractIndonesian administration so far has produced several decentralization policies contained the principles of federal anangcments: Acts No. 2/I999 concerning Local Administration, and two specific autonomy regulation i.e. Acts No. l8r2001 conceming Specific Autonomy for Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (Aceh Province) and Acts No. 2l/th 2001 concerning Specific Autonomy for Papua Province. Those regulations hold some federal arrangements principles which in turn raised opinions about lndonesia`s shift from unitary state (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia) to federal administration system. Judicially, as well as empirically, such decentralization policies which led to federal system have influenced the implementation of State Function as mandated by the 1945 Constitution.This research hold several purposes. First, to explain reasons behind decentralization policies as implied on Acts No. 22/1999 and Acts No. 32/2004 which led to federal system administration. Second, to untold the influence of decentralization policies over state function based on unitary state , administration as experienced by The Republic of Indonesia not-radays. Third, to formulate efforts in order to adjust such decentralization policies supporting state functions as mandated by 1945 Constitution.As normative law research, the researcher examinated literature material consisted of primary law material, i.e regulation about local administration; secondary law "aterial, i.e. literature related with governance: and tertiary law material, i.e. dictionary and encyclopedia of law. This research employed theory of law state as grand theory, power segregation theory as middle range theory and decentralization theory as applied theory. To support the analysis, reviews about administration on several unitary state and federal state was added. Content analysis was conducted to attain details concerning decentralization which led to federal arrangements implied on regulations concerning local administration. Such analysis also worked to describe Local Administration policies according to the development history of constitutuion.There are several conclusions following research and findings. First, there are two reasons that lie beneath decentralization policies as implied on Acts No. 2/1999 and Acts No. 32/2004 which in turn led to Federal System: (a) to maintain the entirety of Indonesia as unitary state (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia): and (b) to implement equality in development for nation`s wealth. Second, decentralization policies which led to federal administration system have resulted on both positive and negative consequences. Positive result comes from democracy uprising in governmental practices, meanwhile the negative one was Constitution mismatched in several affairs. Third, in order to keep decentralization policies successfully supporting state function as mandated by 1945 Constitution, one must arrange immediately implementation regulation derived from Acts No. 32/2004 by prioritize articles which potentially bring about various interpretations and vaguely understood by many parties."

"Dalam tesis ini, penulis bermaksud menjelaskan "Kebijakan Luar Negeri Jepang terhadap Asia Tenggara pada Era Fukuda (1976-1978)". Tema ini amat menarik penulis mengingat kebijakan luar negeri terhadap Asia Tenggara yang diformulasikan oleh Perdana Menteri Jepang, Takeo Fukuda beserta para pembantunya merupakan dasar hubungan antara Jepang dengan ASEAN sebagai organisasi regional. Di samping itu, penulisan ilmiah mengenai proses pembuatan kebijakan luar negeri Jepang terhadap Asia Tenggara dengan menggunakan analisa kognitif terhadap aktor-aktor birokrasi maupun politisi amat jarang ditemukan. Sebagian besar studi mengenai kebijakan luar negeri Jepang lebih menekankan pada aspek implikasi kebijakan maupun strategi negosiasi.Dengan menggunakan kerangka pemikiran Allison mengenai pendekatan bureaucratic politics, tipologi hubungan antara politisi dan birokrat dari Yasunori Sone dan kerangka teori Coplin mengenai bureaucratic influencer pada proses pengambilan keputusan, penulis mencoba menguraikan proses pembuatan kebijakan luar negeri Jepang terhadap Asia Tenggara. Ditunjang oleh teori kognitif Harold dan Margareth Sprout, Steinbruner serta Goldman mengenai, ideo-sinkretik, penulis menganalisis karakter individual para aktor yang terlibat dalam formulasi kebijakan luar negeri Jepang tersebut.Tesis ini merupakan penelaahan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui pengumpulan data kepustakaan serta data yang berasal dari otobiografi dan dokumen resmi pemerintah Jepang.Hasil penelitian terhadap proses pembuatan kebijakan era Fukuda menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan formulasi kebijakan dimaksud dipengaruhi oleh hubungan yang erat antara para birokrat dari Kementrian Luar Negeri Jepang (Gaimusho) dengan para politisi, khususnya Perdana Menteri Takeo Fukuda. Dapat dikatakan bahwa pola pembuatan kebijakan politik luar negeri Jepang bersifat elitis yang merupakan hasil kerjasama antara politisi dan birokrasi. Salah satu manfaat yang dapat dipetik dengan membaca tesis ini adalah proses rekrutmen birokrasi maupun politisi yang baik pada sistem birokrasi dan sistem politik dapat menghasilkan birokrat dan politisi yang profesional dan berkualitas."

"ABSTRAKKomunikasi sangat berperan dalam proses produksi, terutama di industri manufaktur. Industri ini merakit beberapa komponen menjadi barang jadi, sehingga komunikasi antarbagian yang menghasilkan komponen tersebut sangat menentukan kelancaran produksi.Penelitian ini mencari sistem komunikasi di industri manufaktur dan pengaruhnya terhadap proses produksi. Data dikumpulkan dengan wawancara dan penyebaran angket, serta diolah dengan analisis kuantitatif. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan antara Oktober s.d. Desember 1995, di PT Toa, PT Sanyo, dan PT Panasonic, Cimanggis, Bogor.Selain forum komunikasi formal yang langsung berhubungan dengan kepentingan proses produksi, di industri manufaktur elektronika terdapat juga forum komunikasi semi formal dan nonformal.Terdapat delapan jabatan pada bagian produksi dengan rata-rata pendidikan SFTA. Sebelum berkomunikasi mereka menyiapkan bahan, penyampaian kepada atasan secara formal, kepada bawahan dan setingkat secara nonformal. Paling mudah berkomunikasi dengan atasan, paling sulit dengan pihak luar.Arus komunikasi mengalir dari atas ke bawah; bentuk yang sering dipakai ialah laporan untuk atasan, surat untuk bawahan, pertemuan untuk setingkat; Bentuk yang dianggap paling efektif ialah surat dengan sarana bahasa Indonesia. Komunikasi sangat berpengaruh pada proses produksi, hambatan yang sering dijumpai ialah data kurang lengkap, namun dapat dipahami dengan jelas dan' mudah.Konsultasi masalah lebih banyak kepada jabatan struktural; ditanggapi dengan cepat untuk kerusakan mesin, lambat untuk bahan baku; sedangkan hasil produksi, kecelakaan kerja, dan tenaga kerja cenderung tidak dianggapi.

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ABSTRACTCommunication is playing a very important role in production process, particularly in manufacturing industry. This industry assembles some components into a certain finished product, therefore, communication among divisions producing the components will be very deciding in the smoothness of production.This research was aimed to find out communication systems in manufacturing industry and their effects on production process. Data were obtained by interview and questionnaire circulation, and were analyzed quantitatively. This study was carried out from October to December 1995 at PT Tea, PT Sanyo, and PT Panasonic, Cimanggis, Bogor.Instead of having formal communication forum directly relating to the needs for production process, electronics manufacturing industry also has semi formal and non-formal communication forums.There are eight occupation at every production division whose employees mostly have Senior High School educational background. Before having communication, they prepare materials to be formally submitted to their superiors and be informally handed in them to both their subordinates and those of the same level. To communicates with superiors is relatively easy, however, it is difficult to do this with outsiders.Communication flows mostly from upper to lower levels, form of communication mostly adopted is report to superiors, correspondences to subordinates, 'and meetings for those of the same level; the most effective one is letters of the Indonesian language. Communication strongly influences production process; incomplete data are a frequently found constraint, however it is easily understandable.Consultation on any problems is mostly done, with structural functionaries; problem on broken down machine are immediately responded, those on raw materials are slowly responded; whereas those on production, occupational risks, and laborers tend not to be responded."

"Semua proses politik dan lembaga-lembaga pemerintahan berjalan seiring dengan jalannya demokrasi. Perkembangan hukum dipengaruhi oleh masyarakat, yang berati hukum itu merupakan manifestasi dari filsafat hidup, tata nilai, rasa susila, rasa kesopanan dari masyarakat dimana hukum-hukum itu berlaku. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah desentralisasi dalam undang-undang otonomi daerah di era reformasi. Gagasan desentralisasi kerakyatan antara lain adalah ide mengenai legislasi kerakyatan. Sistem legislasi kerakyatan adalah sistem yang memeberikan ruang penuh bagi rakyat dalam menjalankan komunitas pemerintahan sendiri (self governing community). Partisipasi publi harus diberikan"