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"ABSTRAKThis study investigated the effect of breed and marbling score on carcass characteristics, meat quality and sensory evaluation of culled dairy cows (HFF), fattening dairy steers (HFM) and crossbred Charolais steers (CHA) with different marbling score (MBS<3 and MBS≥3). Results showed that the CHA group had greater carcass weight and dressing (%) than the HFM and HFF groups. Rib-eyes area of the HFF group was smaller than the others (p<0.05). HFF beef with MBS<3 had higher fat content than the others (p<0.05) while beef with MBS≥3 of all breeds did not differ in fat content (p>0.05). At MBS<3, CHA beef had higher L*and b* values than the others (p<0.05), but there was no difference in L* and b* values when MBS≥3. At MBS<3, CHA and HFM groups had higher WBSF than HFF group (p<0.05) but at MBS≥3, there was no difference in WBSF among breeds. CHA and HFF beef had notable oleic acid content and MUFA contents (p<0.05), while HFM and HFF beef had greater P/S ratio (p<0.05). Sensory attributes were not affected by breeds (p>0.05). It could be concluded that culled dairy cows had inferior carcass quality compared to Charolais steers and dairy steers. However, the beef of culled dairy cows had no difference in meat color, fat and protein contents in meat, shear force value, or sensory acceptability compared to the others when beef had a marbling score up to score 3. Therefore, culled dairy cows with marbling scores greater than 3 could be an alternative for producing high quality beef."

"Fruit waste is a part of municipal solid waste which is typically disposed of directly to a landfill site. In order to utilize this valuable renewable resource, anaerobic biological processes can be employed to convert fruit waste to biogas. This usable gas is then used to generate electricity. This paper describes a comprehensive study to set up technology for converting fruit waste to electricity via biogas production. First, the fruit waste characteristics (type and composition) were systematically evaluated, and then laboratory experiments for biogas conversion to explore gas production from the waste were carried out. The biogas plant was then designed, based on the information obtained. Finally, a comparison of biogas plant with landfill was performed using life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine environmental impacts, and economic evaluation to assess daily processing costs. The results from waste characterization in one of the biggest fruit markets in Indonesia showed that the three main component fruit types were orange (64%), mango (25%), and apple (5%). Rotten fruit contributes up to 80% of the total waste in the fruit market. Based on the experimental work, the potential gas production in the biogas plant was calculated to be approximately 1075 Nm3/day, comprising 54% methane, based on 10 tons per day of fruit waste. The comparison demonstrates that it is a better option to utilize fruit waste in a biogas plant, in terms of LCA and daily operational costs, than to dispose of it in landfill."