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"In this book we have mainly focused on physiological, biochemical, molecular and genetic bases of crop development and related approaches that can be used for crop improvement under environmental adversaries. In addition, the adverse effects of different biotic (diseases, pathogens etc.) and abiotic (salinity, drought, high temperatures, metals etc) stresses on crop development and the potential strategies to enhance crop productivity under stressful environments are also discussed."

"This book comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on Future Learning Aspects of Mechanical Engineering (FLAME 2018). The book discusses different topics of industrial and production engineering such as sustainable manufacturing systems, computer-aided engineering, rapid prototyping, manufacturing management and automation, metrology, manufacturing process optimization, casting, welding, machining, and machine tools. The contents of this book will be useful for researchers as well as professionals. "

"After around a decade since the Asian financial crisis,the Indonesia economy has still experienced a realatively slow growth.The growth has tended to increase,but is considerably lower than of the pre-crisis era

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"Sektor pertanian berkontribusi besar terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan kontribusi yang besar terhadap PDB dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Akan tetapi, masih banyak petani masuk dalam kategori penduduk miskin. Pemerintah melakukan kebijakan pemberian subsidi pupuk kepada petani sebagai bentuk kehadiran pemerintah untuk membantu kesejahteraan petani. Kesejahteraan petani diukur dengan nilai tukar petani. Tren realisasi subsidi pupuk semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Sedangkan nilai tukar petani cendrung berfluktuatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kebijakan subsidi pupuk pemerintah berpengaruh terhadap nilai tukar petani di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dari seluruh provinsi di Indonesia selama 6 tahun (2016-2021). Analisis data menggunakan model fixed effect. Variabel kontrol pada penelitian ini adalah PDRB, inflasi, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Hasilnya adalah subsidi pupuk terbukti secara statistik berpangaruh positif signifikan terhadap nilai tukar petani. Hal ini berarti subsidi pupuk mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani Variabel PDRB dan pertumubuhan ekomi juga terbukti berpengaruh positif signifikan. Sedangkan inflasi tidak berpengaruh terhap nilai tukar petan

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The agricultural sector makes a major contribution to the Indonesian economy. This is proven by the large contribution to GDP and employment. However, there are still many farmers who fall into the category of poor people. The government carried out a policy of providing fertilizer subsidies to farmers as a form of government presence to help the welfare of farmers. Welfare of farmers is measured by the exchange rate of farmers. The trend of fertilizer subsidy realization is increasing from year to year. Meanwhile, farmer exchange rates tend to fluctuate. This study aims to determine whether the government's fertilizer subsidy policy affects farmers' exchange rates in Indonesia. This research uses panel data from all provinces in Indonesia for 6 years (2016- 2021). Data analysis uses a fixed effect model. Control variables in this study are GRDP, inflation, and economic growth. The result is that fertilizer subsidies are statistically proven to have a significant positive effect on farmers' exchange rates. This means that fertilizer subsidies are able to increase the welfare of farmers. GRDP variables and economic growth have also proven to have a significant positive effect. While inflation has no effect on farmers' exchange rates."

"Indonesia has enhanced many of its institution frameworks, regulations and laws In order to inllne WTO codes of good practice, where standardization is one of the prerequisites to it. Since 2002, Government of Indonesia through Ministry of Industry of Trade has enacted Decree's No. 140/MPP/Kep/3/2002 in order to raise success of agribusiness that inline with sustainable environment and enhance customer protection. It Is expected that with this Decree the success of agribusiness can be seen from the increase in the agriculture production, especially primary crop plants.The research objectives for this thesis are to see if the Implementation of mandatory SNI on fertilizer can Increase the production of the primary crop plants, also to see any Implementation effect to fertilizer's producer and all the import's stakeholders. Modified Cobb-Douglas production function with data panel regression is used to measure the impact of mandatory SNl on fertilizer to production of the primary crop plants quantitatively. Qualitative and descriptive statistics approaches are used to measure any Implementation effect of that SNI.First part of the conclusion shows that, although small, there is a positive effect on the primary crop plants production after the implementation of Mandatory SNI on fertilizer. This finding is enhanced with the fact from qualitative findings, that it seems the implementation of Mandatory SNI on fertilizer has little/no effect to the fact that the use of minimum standards somehow restricts trade more than what tariff did, with many findings supports the fact that the possibility that this standard give negative effect as technical barrier to trade is small.Secondly, from fertilizer's producer perspective, the implementation of the Mandatory SNI on fertilizer gives them many benefits compare with the relatively small cost of comply to that SNI. Although Indonesian Customs and law enforcement gain significance advantages with this SNrs implementation, importers have to bear additional cost in order to have the right using SN! Label.Overall results conclude that although the implementation of Mandatory SNI on fertilizer appears to have positive effects in increasing production and productivity of the primary crop plants, Indonesia critically needs a large, significant increase fn primary crop plants' production and productivity if the target of national food selfsufficiency program (Ketahanan Pangan Nasional) becomes reality."

"This book has a wider approach not strictly focused on crop production compared to other books that are strictly oriented towards bees, but has a generalist approach to pollination biology. It also highlights relationships between introduced and wild pollinators and consequences of such introductions on communities of wild pollinating insects. The chapters on biochemical basis of plant-pollination interaction, pollination energetics, climate change and pollinators and pollinators as bioindicators of ecosystem functioning provide a base for future insights into pollination biology. The role of honeybees and wild bees on crop pollination, value of bee pollination, planned honeybee pollination, non-bee pollinators, safety of pollinators, pollination in cages, pollination for hybrid seed production, the problem of diseases, genetically modified plants and bees, the role of bees in improving food security and livelihoods, capacity building and awareness for pollinators are also discussed."