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"Pada tanggal 22 Juni 2009, Amerika Serikat mengesahkan Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act FSPTCA (Section 907(a)(1)(A)), yang melarang penjualan rokok dengan zat perasa tertentu, termasuk rokok kretek dan rokok beraroma buah-buahan kecuali menthol, dengan tujuan untuk menurunkan tingkat perokok muda di AS. Indonesia merupakan Negara produsen dan pengekspor rokok kretek ke AS. Larangan penjualan rokok kretek ini menyebabkan larangan impor sejak tahun 2009 sampai sekarang. Rokok kretek Indonesia tidak dapat masuk ke pasar rokok AS, sehingga terjadi hambatan perdagangan dan menghilangkan persaingan. Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa dalam WTO baik Panel dan Appellate mendapati AS telah melakukan pelanggaran terhadap Pasal 2.1, 2.9.2 dan 2.12 dari Technical Barrier to Trade Agreement. TBT Agreement mengatur tentang bagaimana Negara dapat mengeluarkan peraturan berupa regulasi teknis yang harus sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar WTO, yaitu prinsip non-diskriminasi, prinsip perdagangan adil dan persaingan adil. Apabila ditinjau dari peraturan persaingan usaha di Indonesia, tidak terjadi pelanggaran terhadap hukum persaingan usaha, tetapi FSPTCA memberikan dampak anti persaingan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan beberapa perjanjian WTO dan laporan Working Group on the Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy, Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat, dan narasumber lain.

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Tobacco Control Act (Section 907(a)(1)(A)), which put a restriction on sales of cigarettes with certain flavors, including clove and aromatic fruits except menthol, with the objective to reduce smoking on children and youth in the US. Indonesia is a producer and an exporter of clove cigarettes to the US. This restriction on sales had caused an import ban since 2009 up to now. The issuance of FSPTCA had blocked market access of Indonesia’s clove cigarette into the US cigarette market, such that there exist a barrier to trade and elimination of competition. The Dispute Settlement Body on WTO, Panel and Appellate, found that US had acted inconsistently with Article 2.1, 2.9.2 and 2.12 of the Technical Barrier to Trade Agreement. TBT Agreement set rules on how Members State can issue law or regulation in the form of technical regulation that should abide the WTO principles such as principle of non-discrimination, principle of fair trade and principle of fair competition. From Indonesian’ competition law, there is no violation of competition law but FSPTCA had an anticompetitive impact. This paper is using a normative juridical method by utilizing agreements of the WTO and reports by the Working Group on the Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy, Law No. 5 of 1999 on Restriction of Monopoly Behavior and Unhealthy Competition, and other sources."

"Tujuan dari penulisan tesis ini adalah untuk meneliti bagaimana impor beras dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan yang lambat pada produksi beras dalam negeri selama era liberalisasi impor beras. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, ada dua langkah yang dilakukan oleh penulis. Pertama, penulis meneliti bagaimana respon petani terhadap perubahan harga beras baik dalam jangka pendek maupun dalam jangka panjang dengan menggunakan Model Koyck- Nerlove. Kedua, penulis membuat simulasi dengan membandingkan kasus aktual dan hipotetis untuk menjelaskau bagaimana impor beras dapat mempengaruhi produksi beras dalam negeri selama era liberalisasi impor beras. Kasus hipotetis didesign dengan asumsi bahwa tidak ada perubahan dalam target kebijakankan utama pada sektor beras dimana target kebijakan adalah untuk meningkatkan produksi beras domestik sehingga rasio impor beras net terhadap produksi beras domestik secara relatif akan rendah. Kasus hipotetis yang meliputi kasus jangka pendek dan jangka panjang (10 tahun sebagai periode perapihan) djperiksa unluk mengetahui bagaimana respon petani terhadap perubahan harga beras. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa harga beras pada kasus hipotetis lebih besar dari harga pada kasus aktual. Hal ini memberikan indikasi bahwa impor beras dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan yang lambat pada produksi beras domestik. Lambatnya pertumbuhan produksi betas domestik yang disebabkan oleh liberalisasi impor beras seharusnya membuat Pemerimah Indonesia untuk lebih serius dalam memperhatil-can situasi beras untuk masa depan.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate how much the relatively large amount of rice import could contribute to the growth deceleration in domestic rice production during the liberalization of rice import era. To this end, the following two steps of analysis have been taken. First, the author identities the responsiveness of rice farmers to price both in the short r|.1n and long rim utilizing Koyck-Nerlove model. Second, actual and hypothetical cases are compared to explain how much the large amount of rice import could influence domestic rice production in Indonesia during the liberalization of rice import era. The hypothetical cases are designed as if there were no change in the major policy target (the major policy target is designed to increase riee production) so that the ratio of net import to domestic rice production will be relatively low. The hypothetical cases consisting of two cases for the short run and long run (allowing 10 years for adjustment period) are examined to identify the responsiveness of rice farmers to price. The results show that the hypothetical rice prices are higher than the actual rice prices both in the short run and in the long run. This finding indicates that the large amount of rice import could be responsible for growth deceleration in domestic rice production. Therefore, it is highly important to recognize the impact of the large amolmt of rice import on domestic rice production. The reduced growth rate in rice production due to the liberalization of rice import should be regarded as an alarm for the Indonesian Government and make them more concerned about the future rice situation. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak penurunan tarif impor pada investasi teknologi perusahaan manufaktur di Indonesia. Sample penelitian ini adalah seluruh sektor industri manufaktur menengah besar (IBS) tahun 2003-2014. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan pendekataan ekonometri dengan metode regresi tobit. Konsep teoritis menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan tingkat efisiensi (gap teknologi) perusahaan menyebabkan respon perusahaan terhadap liberalisasi tarif berbeda-beda. Indonesia merupakan negara berkembang dengan rata-rata tingkat efisiensi kecil. Hal ini mengindikasikan besarnya gap teknologi perusahaan manufaktur di Indonesia dibandingkan frontier-nya. Hasil regresi menunjukkan semakin besar penurunan tarif semakin tinggi investasi teknologi yang dilakukan. Selain itu, terbukti bahwa perusahaan dengan gap teknologi kecil memiliki investasi teknologi yang lebih besar dibandingkan perusahaan dengan gap teknologi besar. Perusahaan dengan gap teknologi besar melakukan investasi teknologi hanya untuk bertahan.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the reduction of import tariff impact on technological investment in Indonesian manufacturing companies. In this research, we are using samples from large medium manufacturing industry from IBS database during 2003-2014 with Tobit Regression Method as econometrical hypothesis testing. In theory, differences in the level of efficiency (gap technology) between companies causing diverge firm’s response to the tariff liberalization. Indonesia is a developing country where the average efficiency level is small. Therefore, it is expected that manufacturing technological gap in Indonesia compared to its large frontier. Based on the regression result, we have known that greater the tariff reduction lead higher technological investment. In addition, we found an evidence that firm with small technological gaps have greater technological investments than firms with large technological gaps. Technological investment of firms with large technological gaps are done for survive."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh liberalisasi perdagangan terhadap produktivitas industri manufaktur berdasarkan tingkat intensitas impor intermediate input perusahaan dengan menggunakan intuisi yang dibangun oleh Amiti & Konings (2007) dan mengembangkannya dengan menggunakan model utama pada penelitian (Luong, 2011) menggunakan Olley Pakes Methodology. Hasil penelitian ini mengkonfirmasi mekanisme terjadinya pengaruh liberalisasi pasar output dan pasar input serta kemungkinan terjadinya reduksi competition effect. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat penurunan produktivitas di tengah paradigma kebijakan proteksionisme. Dengan kategorisasi industri Medium High & High Technology Industries dan Medium Technology Industries, Low Technology Industries, dan Resource-based Industries, kebijakan paling efektif terdapat pada Low Technology Industries.

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This study aims to analyze the role of intermediate input import intensity in the mechanism of how trade liberalization affects plant productivity using conceptual framework in Amiti & Konings (2007) then develop it using the model of Luong (2011) using Olley Pakes Methodology. The results confirm the mechanism explained by literatures regarding the reduction of competition effect raised by liberalization in output market. This study found that there was a decline in the productivity of manufacturing industry during the trade policy paradigm towards protectionism. By using categorization of Medium High & High Technology Industries combined with Medium Technology Industries, Low Technology Industries, and Resource-based Industries, the most effective trade liberalization policy for Low Technology Industries"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengacu pada studi kasus sengketa impor hortikultura, hewan, danproduk hewan antara Amerika Serikat dan Indonesia di WTO. Sengketa iniberawal dari sikap keberatan AS terhadap kebijakan prosedur impor Indonesiayang didasari oleh perangkat hukum Indonesia berupa Undang-undang danPeraturan Menteri. Atas dasar acuan itu berimplikasi pada penerapan prosedurimpor yang baru dan dianggap oleh AS sebagai rezim perizinan impor tidaklangsung atau Non-Automatic Import Licensing menyalahi ketentuan-ketentuanWTO. AS telah mengajukan permohonan kosultasi dengan Indonesia ke WTOdan telah dilangsungkan konsultasi tersebut dimana tidak dapat diraih kesepakatanbersama terkait Sengketa Impor Hortkultura, Hewan dan Produk Hewan. Olehkarena itu AS mengajukan permohonan pembentukan Panel dan hingga saat inikasus tersebut masih dalam proses Panel. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkanbahwa pada dasarnya setiap negara baik AS maupun Indonesia memilikikepentingan nasional masing-masing yang diperjuangkan. Kepentingan nasionalAS ini sangat terlihat ketika AS berusaha menyimpulkan suatu ketentuan yangbersifat spesifik untuk dikorelasikan ke ketentuan yang bersifat umum. Melaluipenelitian ini penulis mencoba untuk menganalisa permasalahan dan menemukanupaya yang dapat diambil oleh pemerintah guna menghadapi tuntutan AS tersebut

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ABSTRACTThe research‘s objective based on its case of study The Dispute of Importation ofHorticulture, Animal, and Animal Product Between United States and Indonesiain WTO. These research shows the explanation of Indonesia‘s interest and stepsthat might be used by the government in facing US complaint whose questioningIndonesia‘s transparency and by making an accusation related to the practice nonautomaticimport licese regime based on its law and regulations.US complaintderive from United States of Trade Representative that Indonesia weren‘ttransparent in practicing the import regulation. By implemeting those regulation,Indonesia have made a fallacies against the provision of WTO.As the conclussionof this research that naturally both US and Indonesia has it own national interestwhich suppose to be fight for.As in these case, US claimed that this barrier isagainst their national interest and they feel legitimate to propose it to WTO whichnow is in Panel Process. US national interest is clearly described when the USbegan to generate a specific provision in order to find its corelation as beingstrated in general provission.By doing this research, the author try to analyze theissues and finding the proper step that might be use by the government."

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