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"Banyak peneliti yang tertarik untuk mempelajari korupsi dengan menggunakan beberapa Negara dan teknik cross section. Beberapa peneliti telah menguji hubungan antara korupsi dan perdagangan menggunakan share perdagangan terhadap GDP. Akan tetapi, kesimpulan dari beberapa studi empiris berkenaan dengan efek dari korupsi terhadap perdagangan adalah bervariasi. Beberapa literature menemukan bahwa korupsi dapat mengurangi volume perdagangan sedangkan literature lain menunjukkan kesimpulan yang sebaliknya. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini ditujukan untuk meneliti hubungan antara korupsi dan volume perdagangan pada beberapa komoditi yang terpilih seperti barang mentah, barang capital, barang penghubung (intermediate), dan barang konsumsi di Indonesia.Tulisan ini menggunakan Indeks Persepsi Korupsi (Corruption Perception Index, CPI) dan control terhadap korupsi (control of corruption, CC) sebagai indikator-indikator korupsi. Sementara itu, volume perdagangan diwakili oleh nilai ekspor dan impor Indonesia. Model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model Gravitasi. Model tersebut diestimasi menggunakan regresi fixed effect model atau random effect model. Hasil-hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa tingkat korupsi di Indonesia, baik itu CPI ataupun CC, berpengaruh buruk terhadap volume perdagangan barang capital di Indonesia. Adapun untuk barang konsumsi, barang intermediate, dan barang mentah, hubungan negative terhadap korupsi di Indonesia hanya ditunjukkan untuk CPI saja. Untuk CC dari Negara partner Indonesia, efeknya beragam terhadap volume perdagangan dari komoditas-komoditas terpilih tersebut.

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Many researchers are interested to study corruption using multiple countries and cross section techniques. Other scholars have examined the relationship between corruption and trade using share of trade to GDP. However, the conclusions of several empirical studies concerning the effect on trade are mixed. Some literatures found that corruption reduce trade volume whereas other literatures showed the opposite conclusion. Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate the association between corruption and trade volume on selected commodities like raw material goods, capital goods, intermediate goods, and consumer goods focusing on Indonesian case.This paper used Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and control of corruption (CC) as corruption indicators. Meanwhile, trade volume was indicated by Indonesian export and import value. Gravity model is used to formulate the problem of this topic and this model is regressed using fixed effect or random effect model. Empirical results demonstrate that trade volume of capital goods is adversely affected by the degree of corruption in Indonesia either CPI or CC. Meanwhile for consumer goods, intermediate goods and raw material goods, these commodities have negative relationship with the level of corruption in Indonesia, only CPI. For CC of Indonesia's trading partner, its effects are mixed for the selected commodities."

"Tesis ini membahas skema Single Area Payment Scheme (SAPS) yang diberlakukan kepada sembilan negara anggota Uni Eropa (UE-9) yang merupakan negara eks-sosialis. Skema tersebut memberikan pembayaran langsung secara bertahap kepada UE-9, dan dengan persentase awal yang rendah. UE-9 keberatan akan skema ini dengan anggapan akan memberatkan pertumbuhan dari sektor pertaniannya. Hal ini mengingat pembayaran secara penuh (100 persen) baru akan diberikan pada tahun 2013, untuk kelompok Visegrad dan tiga negara Baltik, sedangkan Bulgaria dan Rumania akan diberikan penuh pada tahun 2016. Dengan analisa dan penghitungan nilai Revealed Comparative Advantage terhadap faktor produksi dan komoditas pertanian UE-9, maka akan terlihat apakah skema ini sebenarnya menghambat atau tidak.

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EU-9, which is the ex-socialist countries, has been applied the Single Area Payment Scheme (SAPS) since 2004. The debate happened to the scheme, especially with the phased-in payment. EU-9 have a minimum starting level of payment with 25 percent in 2004, and will be fully given (100 percent) in 2013. Bulgaria and Rumania have different percentage according to the year their entered UE, with 35 percent in 2009 and will be 100 percent in 2016. They see it as an unfair treatment since they need it full as their agricultural sector still have to be developed. EU-15, as the old member states, applied for the SPS, as the different scheme. The differences between the scheme are the payment percent and the liabilities. Since UE-9 have given the phased-in level of direct payment, it could be hampered the agriculture sector to grow. By counting and analysing the potential of factor production and comparative advantage by using RCA score, the effect of SAPS could be known."

"In the uplands of Central Java a wide variety of dry cultivated crops are produced for subsistence as well as for cash. The marketing channels for these crops are also diverse. The producers can choose between selling at the market place or at their farms; either to consumer or traders; or they can sell their products to wholesalers in towns. However this freedom of choice is not absolute and is determined by the quantity of the merchandise. Farmers who can sell large amount of product are able to by pass some steps in the hierarchical order of market places or traders. Thus producers with relatively large farmlands can sell their commodities in more profitable ways compared to those with smaller farmlands. Moreover the latter are often forced to sell their products below market value to traders who provided them with advance or who bought the crop before harvest (tebasan) because of their need of cash. "