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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami aspek ekonomi politik dalam pelaksanaan reforma agraria dan perhutanan sosial di Indonesia secara kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif-analisis, tinjauan literatur dan didukung dengan wawancara intensif. Reforma agraria merupakan agenda penting di masa pemerintahan Joko Widodo karena tercantum dalam Nawacita, untuk mencapai pemerataan ekonomi. Akan tetapi pasang surut dalam proses pelaksanaanya membuat program ini menjadi terhambat terlebih konflik agraria yang seharusnya berkurang dengan adanya reforma agraria dan perhutanan sosial RAPS ini justru semakin bertambah setiap tahunnya. Tujuan untuk melakukan pemerataan ekonomi ini dihambat dai faktor internal para pelaksana reforma agraria dan perhutanan sosial RAPS. Lemahnya koordinasi dan perbedaan tingkat kepentingan antara tujuan negara dengan para pelaku pelaksanaan reforma agraria dan perhutanan sosial RAPS membuat program ini berjalan masih jauh dari harapan meskipun sudah menunjukkan progress yang cukup baik. Warisan buruk pemerintahan sebelum-sebelumnya juga berpengaruh dalam pelaksanaan saat ini. Dalam Penelitian, penulis membahas sisi sejarah dan ekonomi politik reforma agraria dan perhutanan sosial RAPS dari pasca kemerdekaan hingga pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo 2014-2019.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to understand the political economics of Indonesian agrarian reform and social forestry. Analysis was conducted qualitatively with descriptive analytic method, literature review, and supported with intensive interview. Agrarian reform is an important agenda of Joko Widodo rsquo s administration as it is included in Nawacita with the purpose to achieve equality in economic development. However, the ebbs and flows in its implementation process undermine the program. Moreover, the agrarian conflict ndash which is supposed to be decreasing as a result of implementing agrarian and social forestry reform RAPS ndash is increasing annually. The process in achieving the goal of achieving equality in the economic development has been furthermore undermined by internal factors of those in charge of implementing the agrarian and social forestry reform RAPS. Despite of having showed good progress, weak coordination and different interests between the state and the actors involved in the RAPS continue to be the core problems that undermine the success of the program. Inheritances of bad practices from previous governments also play a role in present day implementation. In this study, the writer analyzes the historical and political economy side of the RAPS from the post independence era to the era of Joko Widodos administration 2014 2019. "

"ABSTRACTOver the last decade, increasing attention has been paid to the effect of monetary policy on the path of economic activities, and it is now generally recognized as a powerful tool in stabilizing the economy. Traditionally, the theory of monetary policy is formulated in terms of the adjustments of the policy instruments in order to achieve the desired values for the ultimate objectives such as the rate of output growth, the inflation rate and the balance of payment objectives. In contrast, to this "one stage procedure" of monetary policy, in the 1960s the new theory of monetary policy which is called "the two stage procedure of monetary policy" introduced the concept of intermediate targets which lie in-between the instruments directly controlled by the monetary authorities and the ultimate objectives of the policy. The efficiency of the monetary policy in a two-stage procedure depends upon the close relationships between the policy instruments and the intermediate target, and also between the intermediate targets and the ultimate policy objectives. In recent years, central bankers from some countries, in conducting monetary policy, have paid increasing attention to controlling monetary aggregates as a mean of achieving the desired values of its ultimate objectives. A resurgence of emphasis on money and its influence on the level of economic activity occurred in the decade of the sixties, which has also been supported by a great deal of empirical and theoretical researches. Foremost are the very extensive research findings by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz in their monumental work "A Monetary History of the United States 1867 - 1960" which concluded among others, "The changes in the behavior of the money stock have closely associated with changes in economic activity". On the same line of argument, Leonall C. Andersen and Yerry L. Yordan, in their research finding, came to the conclusion that the influences of changes in money stock have a strong, rapid and predictable effect on the rate of change of economic activity. Extending the Andersen-Yordan work over a longer period, Michel W. Keran found that monetary influence has dominated economic activity even in the period when financial and institutional factors were substantially different. These empirical results were derived from the economies of developed countries, especially United States."