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"Kriminalitas mempengaruhi keputusan individu untuk bekerja pada sektor legal serta menciptakan timbulnya biaya peluang akibat perilaku asimetri. Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara kriminalitas dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia periode 2011-2020, berfokus pada sejauh mana kriminalitas menghambat pertumbuhan ekonomi serta mengeksplorasi transmisinya melalui anggaran dan ketenagakerjaan. Model SAC Panel digunakan untuk mengantisipasi adanya ketergantungan spasial. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan adanya potensi kerugian yang signifikan dari peningkatan kriminalitas saat kondisi anggaran fungsi ketertiban-keamanan dan ketenagakerjaan kurang memadai. Di Indonesia, implikasi dari meningkatnya kriminalitas tidak hanya memberikan dampak merugikan bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi spillover bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi provinsi sekitarnya.

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Crime affects individual decisions to work in the legal sector and creates opportunity costs due to asymmetric behavior. This study analyzes the relationship between crime and economic growth in Indonesia for 2011-2020, focusing on how crime hinders economic growth and explores its transmission through budget and employment. A SAC Panel model is used to cover spatial dependencies. The estimation results show potential losses from increased crime when the budgetary conditions for law enforcement and employment functions are inadequate. In Indonesia, the implication of increasing crime does not only have a detrimental impact on the economic growth of a province but also has a spillover effect on the economic growth of the surrounding provinces."

"Business Enabling Environment (BEE) akan menjadi rumusan indeks baru yang dinilai lebih efektif dalam menilai iklim bisnis dan investasi suatu negara, setelah penghentian indeks penilaian kemudahan berusaha yakni Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) pada September 2021 lalu. World Bank (Bank Dunia) akan menggantikan EoDB sebagai indikator dalam menilai iklim investasi suatu negara, dengan BEE. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk untuk menganalisis dan memperoleh pemahaman mengenai indikator penilaian untuk menilai iklim bisnis dan investasi suatu negara dengan pendekatan baru yakni BEE yang menggantikan indikator penialaian EoDB. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan hukum ini adalah penelitian deskriptif analitik yang didukung oleh data sekunder dengan menggunakan teknik analisis data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan hasil evaluasi terhadap pelaksanaan kebijakan ekonomi di Indonesia, EoDB ternyata telah memainkan peran penting dalam mendorong reformasi regulasi dan kemudahan berusaha yang berdampak cukup signifikan pada peningkatan perekonomian nasional. Namun pada tahun 2020, World Bank telah menghentikan indeks penilaian EoDB dan merumuskan indeks penilaian baru yakni BEE yang bertujuan untuk mempromosikan reformasi ekonomi, membuka pintu untuk berbagi pengetahuan dan dialog kebijakan bagi pemerintah, masyarakat sipil termasuk sektor swasta, World Bank Group (WBG), dan lembaga pembangunan lainnya.

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Business Enabling Environment (BEE) will be a new approach that is considered more effective in assessing the business and investment climate, after World Bank Group decided to discontinue Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) report in September 2021. World Bank will replace EoDB as an indicator in assessing an investment climate, with BEE. This study intends to analyze and gain an understanding of the assessment indicators to assess the business and investment climate with a new approach, namely BEE which replaces EoDB assessment indicator. The type of this research is descriptive analytic research supported by secondary data using qualitative data analysis techniques. The research concluded that based on the results of an evaluation of the implementation of economic policies in Indonesia, EoDB has played an important role in encouraging regulatory reform and ease of doing business which have a significant impact on improving national economic. However, in 2020, the World Bank has discontinued EoDB report and formulated a new approach, namely BEE which aims to promote economic reforms, opening the door for knowledge sharing and policy dialogue for governments, civil society (including the private sector), the WBG, and other development institutions."

"After the severe fall of oil price in 1986, Indonesia has consistently maintained structural adjustment policy which has successfully shift it dependence from the oil sector to the non-oil sector. This alteration was absolutely necessary due to the fact that Indonesian economic performance could never rely anymore on oil revenue, which also meant reducing the goverment role in driving the economic growth. In order to achive that goal, several macroeconomic policies such as deregulations have been conducted to give private sector more space and a bigger role in the economy. The bigger role for the private sector, the more market mechanism will take place in controlling the equilbrium process. Yet another problem raised, particularly in the regional point of view, that private sector always seek profit opportunity in areas which have large marginal revenue of product. This condition is significantly taking place in Indonesia with the Western part of Indonesia playing as an ace for private investors. This regional imbalance between the Western and Eastern part of Indonesia has not also been creating resources accumulation in the Western part but also dragging resources out from the Eastern part. This condition will eventually restrain overall economic maximization since the Eastern part: production and consumption possibility are non-optimized. This study will analyze the impact of the incerase in development expenditure ,especially infrastructure, on Eastern part's economic dynamic : growth, private investment and strucutral transformation, using a regional macroeconometric model. Other objective is to compare those dynamics under several development scenarios : growth centre scenario and underdevelopment areas scenario. Regional economic consideration has been taken place since we finally realized the fact that national oriented macroeconomic policy often fails to create the desired performance. The nobility of top down approach is faced with the prevailing facts that different regional characteristics, which used to be taken for granted, caused each region acts differently or even oppositely from what is expected to be. According to this issue, this study also addresses its analysis in comparing results from top down to bottom up policy excercise in developing Eastern part of Indonesia's economy."