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"This introductory textbook gives practical methods, and their theoretical basis, for applying evidence to the field of Public Health"

"ABSTRAKPermasalahan kemiskinan dan lingkungan seringkali dipandang sebagai masalah yang berdiri sendiri. Namun pada kenyataannya, kemiskinan tidak luput dari masalah-masalah terkait lingkungan dan sebaliknya. Oleh karena itu tesis ini meneliti hubungan permasalahan kemiskinan dan lingkungan dalam hal penghidupan, kesehatan dan kerawanan terhadap bencana alam seperti kegagalan panen. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dari 32 propinsi antara kurun waktu 2001 sampai dengan 2010. Beberapa metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis korelasi, Granger causality, dan intertemporal indeks. Dengan menggunakan analisis korelasi, penelitian ini mengetahui: (1) hubungan yang erat antara tingkat kemiskinan di pedesaaan dengan tutupan hutan; (2) hubungan yang lemah antara kepadatan kemiskinan di pedesaan dengan tutupan hutan. Dengan menggunakan Granger causality, hubungan timbal balik antara kemiskinan dan permasalahan lingkungan dapat diketahui. Penelitian ini memberikan hasil bahwa hubungan kemiskinan dan permasalahan lingkungan adalah non-bidirectional causalities. Intertemporal indeks juga digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui nexus antara kemiskinan dan permasalahan lingkungan secara spesifik disetiap propinsi. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini juga melihat hubungan antara poverty-enviroment vulnerability dan HDI.

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ABSTRACTPoverty and environment problems are often threated separately as an individual problem. However, there is huge of facts that the poor collectively could not be apart from the environment. Thus, several channels have been employed in this paper in order to investigate in which poverty and environment are associated. Those are livelihood, health and vulnerability links. Using a panel data set of 32 provinces ranged from 2001 to 2010, this study provides evidences on poverty and environment nexus by employing various methods. The findings verify: (a) high correlation on rural poverty rate and forest coverage; (b) weak correlation on rural poverty density and forest coverage. This paper also confirms on causality testing that results in non-bidirectional causalities. Rather, evidently it is causal relationship from rural poverty to forest. In order to find the nexus in each province, poverty-environment indices were constructed and result in various degree of poverty-environment vulnerability. Specifically, performance for each province across time also has been examined and results also in various poverty-environment vulnerability reductions. Finally, additional result on poverty-environment vulnerability and HDI relationship has given a meaningful insight that higher HDI constitute lower poverty-environment vulnerability."

"Economists have talked about government expenditure and its relation to poverty, health, and education for decades. Indeed, many theories and empirical evidence have been conducted since then. This study evaluates the relationship between Special Autonomy Fund (SAF) and poverty, health, and education indicators in Aceh province, Indonesia, using a panel dataset of 30 regions in the 2002-2018 period. Synthetic Control Method (SCM) is used as the model to accommodate the allocation of SAF to Aceh given by the central government since it is commonly applied to the cases of policy intervention in comparative case studies. This paper discovers that the SAF plays a vital role in lowering the poverty rate, escalating access to safe sanitation, and improving the net enrollment ratio of senior secondary schools. However, there is no prominent association between SAF allocation and access to safe water. This outcome variable shows positive and negative signs; therefore, a conclusion could not be provided."