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"Jepang merupakan negara yang dikenal akan distribusi ODA yang terkonsentrasi di kawasan Asia. Akan tetapi, pada tahun 2003 hingga 2011, distribusi ODA Jepang ke Asia justru menurun. Sebaliknya, Sub-Sahara Afrika menjadi satu-satunya kawasan dengan distribusi ODA Jepang yang meningkat. Situasi ini menunjukkan pergeseran fokus distribusi ODA Jepang ke Sub-Sahara Afrika. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor-faktor di balik pergeseran tersebut dengan menggunakan kerangka analisis kebijakan luar negeri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat keterkaitan antara faktor domestik (perubahan kepemimpinan dalam JICA dan tujuan politik Jepang) dan eksternal (tekanan dari Amerika Serikat, rivalitas Jepang dengan China, dan dinamika perkembangan Kawasan Afrika dan Asia), yang melatarbelakangi pergeseran fokus distribusi ODA Jepang ke Afrika.

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Japan is a country which concentrated her ODA mainly in Asia. However, in 2003 until 2011, Japanese ODA to Asia diminished and Sub-Saharan Africa became the only region whose Japanese ODA?s allocation increased. It indicated the shifting of Japanese ODA to Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to uncover and analyze the factors underlying Japan?s policy to shift her ODA to Africa using foreign policy as the framework of analysis. The result shows the relevance between domestic factors (leadership transition in JICA and Japan?s political objective) and external factors (the pressure of US, rivalry between Japan and China, and development of Africa and Asia) in the shifting of Japanese ODA to Sub-Saharan Arica."

"ABSTRAKKorea Selatan sebagai donor baru dalam kerangka kerjasama ODA telahmewarnai wajah baru diplomasi ekonomi di Asia Tenggara dan Sub-SaharaAfrika, yang selama beberapa dekade didominasi oleh Jepang dan Tiongkok. Padaperiode 2008-2013 di bawah kepemimpinan Presiden Lee Myung-bak, KoreaSelatan semakin agresif dalam menjalin kemitraan dengan Asia Tenggara danSub-Sahara Afrika melalui pemberian Official Development Assistance (ODA).Korea Selatan secara eksplisit meningkatkan proporsi dana ODA untuk keduaregional tersebut. Penulis mencermati, bahwa pendistribusian ODA ke AsiaTenggara dan Sub-Sahara Afrika tidak terlepas dari pertimbangan geoekonomidan geopolitik. Hal ini kemudian memunculkan pertanyaan, ?Apa pertimbangangeoekonomi dan geopolitik yang melandasi Korea Selatan dalam pembentukanpeta distribusi ODA ke regional Asia Tenggara dan Sub-Sahara Afrika periode2008-2013??. Di dalam penelitian ini penulis berargumen, bahwa pembentukanpeta distribusi ODA Korea Selatan di Asia Tenggara dan Sub-Sahara Afrikadilandasi oleh pertimbangan geoekonomi dan geopolitik. Kedua pertimbangantersebut berdifusi dan saling mempengaruhi satu sama lain, yang kemudianmemunculkan kebijakan ekonomi-politik di Asia Tenggara dan Sub-SaharaAfrika. Untuk membuktikan argumen tersebut, penelitian ini akan menganalisisbeberapa hal, yaitu (1) kebijakan perdagangan dan FDI Korea Selatan di AsiaTenggara dan Sub-Sahara Afrika, yang mencakup peningkatan jumlah FTA,perdagangan di sektor agrikultur, industri, energi, serta proyek-proyek kelestarianlingkungan, (2) kebijakan politik luar negeri Korea Selatan di Asia Tenggara danSub-Sahara Afrika, seperti intensi untuk berperan sebagai pemimpin regionaldalam usaha pembangunan Asia Tenggara dan demokratisasi dalam mendorongsistem perekonomian terbuka di Sub-Sahara Afrika

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ABSTRACTSouth Korea as an emerging donor in ODA platform has coloured economicdiplomacy in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, that has been dominated byJapan and China for a few decades. In period 2008-2013 under President LeeMyung-bak administrative, South Korea is increasingly aggressive in partnershipwith Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa through the provision of OfficialDevelopment Assistance (ODA). South Korea explicitly increases the proportionof ODA fund for both regional. The author has observed that the distribution ofODA to Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa can?t be separated fromgeoeconomic and geopolitic considerations. Then this phenomena raises aquestion, ?What are geoeconomic and geopolitic considerations underlying SouthKorea in the establishment of ODA distribution maps to Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa in period 2008-2013??. In this research, the author argues, that theestablishment of ODA distribution maps to Southeast Asia and Sub-SaharanAfrica in period 2008-2013 is underlied by geoeconomic and geopoliticconsiderations. Both of these considerations have been diffused and influenceeach other, that bring out economic-politic policies in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. To prove this argument, this research will analyze a few things,namely: (1) Trade policy and FDI of South Korea in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, which includes increasing the number of FTA, trade inagriculture, industry, energy sector, and environmental sustainability projects orgreen growth project. (2) South Korea?s foreign policies in Southeast Asia andSub-Saharan Africa, such as the intention to act as a leader in the developmentefforts of Southeast Asia and democratization in encouraging an open economicsystem."

"This book elucidates the importance of long-term experiments in revealing evidence of soil fertility decline in Africa. An evaluation of experiences from on-going long-term experiments is given in broad detail. The first chapter explains the paradigm shift in soil fertility management then provides justification for long-term experiments before illuminating experiences from long-term experiments in East, West and Southern Africa. The second, sixth, eighth and ninth chapters give an in-depth account of crop management practices and soil fertility interventions in long-term trials within specific agro-ecological zones in West Africa. The rest of the chapters (chapter three, four, five and seven) address crop management, tillage practices and, organic and inorganic fertilizer applications in the context of long-term experiments in specific agro-ecological zones in East Africa."

"The book gives a detailed description of the application of DSSAT in simulating crop and soil processes within various Agro-ecological zones in Africa. The book, an output of a series of 3 workshops, provides examples of the application of DSSAT models to simulate nitrogen applications, soil and water conservation practices including effects of zai technology, phosphorus and maize productivity, generation of genetic coefficients, long-term soil fertility management technologies in the drylands, microdosing, optimization of nitrogen x germplasms x water, spatial analysis of water and nutrient use efficiencies and, tradeoff analysis. The minimum dataset requirements for DSSAT is discussed. "