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"The Zheng family of merchants and militarists emerged from the tumultuous seventeenth century amid a severe economic depression, a harrowing dynastic transition from the ethnic Chinese Ming to the Manchu Qing, and the first wave of European expansion into East Asia. Under four generations of leaders over six decades, the Zheng had come to dominate trade across the China Seas. Their average annual earnings matched, and at times exceeded, those of their fiercest rivals: the Dutch East India Company. Although nominally loyal to the Ming in its doomed struggle against the Manchus, the Zheng eventually forged an autonomous territorial state based on Taiwan with the potential to encompass the family's entire economic sphere of influence. Through the story of the Zheng, Xing Hang provides a fresh perspective on the economic divergence of early modern China from western Europe, its twenty-first-century resurgence, and the meaning of a Chinese identity outside China."

"[ ABSTRAKYakuza merupakan suatu istilah yang menunjuk, baik seorang individu maupun kelompok organisasi kriminal yang ada di Jepang. Mereka sudah ada di Jepang sejak awal abad ke-17, dan masih terus ada sampai masa sekarang ini. Yakuza dari dulu sudah dikenal sebagai penjudi, dan berjdudi dianggap sebagai salah satu pemasukkan mereka. Memasuki tahun 1985, yaitu masa ketika Ekonomi Gelembung Jepang mulai muncul, yakuza ikut masuk ke dalam bisnis legal seperti saham dan properti. Tidak hanya masyarakat biasa saja yang dapat berbisnis dengan mudah, yakuza pun yang adalah organisasi kriminal dapat dengan mudah membangun dan memperluas bisnis-bisnis mereka. Harga properti dan saham ketika masa ekonomi gelembung menjadi murah, dan peminjaman yang diberikan oleh bank-bank di Jepang untuk berbisnis dan berinvestasi diberikan dengan sangat mudah, bahkan tidak lagi memeriksa latar belakang klien yang meminjam uang. Pada masa Ekonomi Gelembung Jepang, pendapatan yang diperoleh yakuza menjadi meningkat, baik pendapatan tersebut diperoleh dari bisnis legal maupun ilegal. Pada tahun 1989, melalui survey yang dilakukan oleh NRIPS, diketahui bahwa angka pendapatan yakuza mencapai hingga 1,3 triliun yen, atau sekitar 11,28 triliun rupiah pada saat itu.

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ABSTRACTYakuza is a term refering to whether a person or groups of criminal organization in Japan. They appeared since the begining of the 17th Century, and still exist until today. Yakuza are always known as a gambler. Gambling is considered as one of their income. When entering 1985—which was an era, where Japan's Bubble Economy starting to exsist—the yakuza started to join in the legal businesses such as real estate and property. It is not only the common people that may easily established legal businesses, the yakuza, which is a criminal organization, may also built and expanded their bussinesses easily. Real estate and property prices in the bubble era became inexpensive and the loaned that were given by the banks in Japan to establish and invest in businesses were given very easily, that even the banks were no longer checking into their clients' background. At Japan's Bubble Economy, the income that the yakuza earned were inreased, whether those incomes came from the legal or the illegal businesses. By 1989, with the survey held by NRIPS, it is known that the numbers of the yakuza's income reached until 1,3 trillion yen or approximately 11,28 trillion rupiah at the time., Yakuza is a term refering to whether a person or groups of criminal organization in Japan. They appeared since the begining of the 17th Century, and still exist until today. Yakuza are always known as a gambler. Gambling is considered as one of their income. When entering 1985—which was an era, where Japan's Bubble Economy starting to exsist—the yakuza started to join in the legal businesses such as real estate and property. It is not only the common people that may easily established legal businesses, the yakuza, which is a criminal organization, may also built and expanded their bussinesses easily. Real estate and property prices in the bubble era became inexpensive and the loaned that were given by the banks in Japan to establish and invest in businesses were given very easily, that even the banks were no longer checking into their clients' background. At Japan's Bubble Economy, the income that the yakuza earned were inreased, whether those incomes came from the legal or the illegal businesses. By 1989, with the survey held by NRIPS, it is known that the numbers of the yakuza's income reached until 1,3 trillion yen or approximately 11,28 trillion rupiah at the time.]"