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"Acanthaster planci dilaporkan memiliki enzim phospolipase A2 (PLA2) yang memiliki aktivitas antiviral. Sementara itu, penyakit AIDS semakin menyebar yang diakibatkan oleh virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Namun, terdapat resistensi virus HIV terhadap obat yang ada sehingga menurunkan efektivitas yang ada. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencari alternatif obat terhadap HIV, salah satunya adalah PLA2 ini. Oleh karena itu, penelitian secara umum bertujuan untuk mengobservasi adanya aktivitas antiviral PLA2 terhadap HIV. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan sampel enzim PLA2 berupa CV dan F20 untuk diuji aktivitas dengan degradasi fosfatidikolin dan kemurniannya dengan SDS-PAGE. Uji aktivitas dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem in vitro, yaitu kultur virus HIV dengan menggunakan sel PBMC (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells). Sel PBMC diisolasi dari darah orang sehat yang kemudian distimulasi dengan PHA (Phytohaemaglutinin). Sel ini dijadikan feeder untuk memperbanyak virus dari PBMC pasien positif HIV. Sebelum dilakukan uji aktivitas terlebih dahulu dilakukan uji toksisitas dengan LC50. Hasil uji aktivitas PLA2 didapatkan bahwa F20 memiliki aktivitas spesifik dan tingkat kemurnian 15,66 kali dari CV. Nilai LC50 PLA2 adalah sebesar 1,63799 mg/ml. Sementara itu hasil uji aktivitas antiviral PLA2 secara in vitro menunjukkan hambatan persentase sel yang terinfeksi, dimana untuk kultur HIV yang memiliki rata-rata infeksi 9,718±0,802% menurun setelah ditambahkan dengan PLA2 menjadi hanya 0,299±0,212% infeksi dari jumlah sel.

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Acanthaster planci has enzyme, phospolipase A2 (PLA2), which has ability as antiviral agent. AIDS had become big pandemic in the world cause of the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Furthermore, HIV had become resistance with current drugs, so it decrease the efectivity of drugs.

This research conduct to obtain the alternative drug for HIV infection, one of them is PLA2. So, the objective of this research was to observe antiviral activity of PLA2 agains HIV. This research using CV and F20 as the sample PLA2 which had been extracted from A. planci. Enzimatic activity will be determine by degradation of phospatidicholin and the purification determine by SDS-PAGE.

Activity test was done in vitro by using PBMC (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) as feeder to increase HIV population. Meanwhile, toxicity test must be done before by LC50. PLA2 F20 had activity and purity by 15.66 times bigger than CV. LC50 of PLA2 was about 1,63799 mg/ml.

Meanwhile, antiviral activity test of PLA2 in vitro show inhibition of percentage of infected cells. Where, HIV culture shows infected cells about 9,718±0,802%. After Additon of PLA2, infected cells was drop into 0,299±0,212% from the total of cells."

"By focusing on general molecular mechanisms of antiviral drugs rather than therapies for individual viruses, this ready reference provides the critical knowledge needed to develop entirely novel therapeutics and to target new viruses.It begins with a general discussion of antiviral strategies, followed by a broad survey of known viral targets, such as reverse transcriptases, proteases, neuraminidases, RNA polymerases, helicases and primases, as well as their known inhibitors. The final section contains several cases studies of recent successful antiviral drug development.Edited by Erik de Clercq, the world authority on small molecule antiviral drugs, who has developed more new antivirals than anyone else."

"[Masalah utama kesehatan masyarakat dunia adalah infeksi virus dengue (DENV). Sekitar 2,5 milyar penduduk dunia sudah terinfeksi DENV. Akan tetapi, terapi masih berupa suportif dan belum ada terapi antiviral spesifik DENV. Ekstrak daun Dillenia indica diperkirakan memiliki aktivitas antiviral terhadap DENV-2. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak memiliki efek anti-diabetik, anti-mikroba, anti-oksidan, antitusiv, anti-diare, dan anti-nosiseptik. Efek hambatan ekstrak terhadap DENV dinilai dengan menggunakan metode focus assay, sedangkan efek sitotoksik ekstrak terhadap sel Huh7it-1 dievaluasi dengan metode MTT assay. Selanjutnya, evaluasi ekstrak ditentukan oleh indeks selektivitas (SI) yang didapatkan dari perbandingan CC50 terhadap IC50. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan adalah 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, dan 10 μg/ml. Hasil penelitian menunjukan nilai IC50, CC50, dan SI secara berurut 118,52 μg/ml, 170,05 μg/ml, dan 1,4. Secara statistik menggunakan uji kruskal wallis (IC50) dan one way anova (CC50), terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada konsentrasi 160 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, dan 10 μg/ml pada IC50 dan konsentrasi 160 μg/ml, 320 μg/ml, dan 640 μg/ml pada CC50, dibandingkan dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) sebagai kontrol. Dengan memiliki SI 1,4, ekstrak tidak memiliki potensi sebagai antiviral DENV-2 karena daya sitoksisitas cukup tinggi terhadap sel Huh7it, The main health problem of world community is dengue viral infection (DENV). About 2.5 billions world population has been infected by the virus. However, the treatment is still supportive and there is no specific antiviral therapy for DENV. The extract of D. indica leaves is expected to have antiviral activity to DENV-2. On the previous studies, the extract had the effect of anti-diabetic, anti-microbes, antioxidant, antitusiv, anti-diarrhea, and anti-nociceptic. The inhibition effect of extract was measured using focus assay method, whereas its cytotoxic effect to Huh7it-1 cell evaluated using MTT assay method. Evaluation of extract was determined with selectivity index obtained by the ratio of CC50 and IC50. The concentrations of extract required in this experiment were 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml. As the result, the value of IC50, CC50 and SI was 118.52 μg/ml, 170.05 μg/ml and 1,4. Using Kruskal-Wallis test (IC50) and one way anova test (CC50), there was a significant difference at concentration of 160 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml for IC50 and concentration of 160 μg/ml, 320 μg/ml, dan 640 μg/ml for CC50, compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as control. With SI 1.4, the extract of Dillenia indica did not hove a potency as antiviral of DENV-2 because of its high cytotoxicity to Huh7it-1 cell]"

"[DENV merupakan sebuah virus yang penularannya melalui vektor nyamuk, yaitu Aedes aegypti. Virus ini terdiri dari 4 tipe, yaitu DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, dan DENV-4. Infeksi DENV banyak terjadi pada negara dengan iklim tropis, diantaranya seperti Karibia, Asia Tenggara, serta Pasifik Barat. Indonesia termasuk salah satu negara dengan endemis infeksi DENV di seluruh wilayahnya. Hingga saat ini, tatalaksana yang diberikan untuk pasien dengan infeksi DENV masih berupa tatalaksana suportif dikarenakan belum ditemukan obat yang efektif untuk mengobati keempat tipe DENV. Ekstrak daun Shorea spp. disinyalir memiliki kemampuan untuk menginhibisi DENV sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai antiviral. Pada penelitian ini, sel Huh7It-1diinfeksikan dengan DENV dan diberikan ekstrak Shorea spp. dengan berbagai konsentrasi. Efektifitas ekstrak diteliti dengan menggunakan konsentrasi 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, dan 10 μg/ml. Efek inhibisi diuji menggunakan metode Focus Assay. Sedangkan efek sitotoksik diuji menggunakan metode MTT Assay. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan nilai sitotoksik (CC50) ekstrak terhadap sel dan nilai inhibisi (IC50) ekstrak terhadap DENV, yaitu nilainya sebesar 150,85 μg/ml dan 23,22 μg/ml. Berdasarkan nilai IC50 dan CC50, didapatkan nilai Selectivity Index (SI) sebesar 6,496. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun Shorea spp. memiliki efek inhibisi terhadap DENV dan dapat dikembangkan sebagai antiviral terhadap DENV di masa mendatang.;DENV is a virus transmitted through mosquito vectors, named Aedes aegypti. This virus consists of four types, which is DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. DENV infection are more prevalent in countries with tropical climates, such as the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. Indonesia is one of the country with endemic DENV infection founded in the entire region. Until now, the treatment which is given to patients with DENV infection is still in the form of supportive treatment, because effective drugs to treat the four types of DENV has not been discovered yet. Leaf extract of Shorea spp. allegedly has the ability to inhibit DENV which acts as an antiviral. In this study, Huh7lt cell was infected with DENV and was given Shorea spp. extracts in various concentrations from 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml. Inhibitory effect was tested by using focus assay, while cytotoxic effect was tested by using MTT assay. In this study, the extract's cytotoxic value (CC50) against cell and inhibition values (IC50) against DENV was determined, with the results 150.85 μg/ml and 23.22 μg/ml. Based on value of IC50 dan CC50, Selectivity Inde x (SI) score was 6,496. This indicates that the leaf extract of Shorea spp. has inhibitory effects against DENV and could be developed as an antiviral againsts DENV in the future;DENV is a virus transmitted through mosquito vectors, named Aedes aegypti. This virus consists of four types, which is DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. DENV infection are more prevalent in countries with tropical climates, such as the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. Indonesia is one of the country with endemic DENV infection founded in the entire region. Until now, the treatment which is given to patients with DENV infection is still in the form of supportive treatment, because effective drugs to treat the four types of DENV has not been discovered yet. Leaf extract of Shorea spp. allegedly has the ability to inhibit DENV which acts as an antiviral. In this study, Huh7lt cell was infected with DENV and was given Shorea spp. extracts in various concentrations from 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml. Inhibitory effect was tested by using focus assay, while cytotoxic effect was tested by using MTT assay. In this study, the extract's cytotoxic value (CC50) against cell and inhibition values (IC50) against DENV was determined, with the results 150.85 μg/ml and 23.22 μg/ml. Based on value of IC50 dan CC50, Selectivity Inde x (SI) score was 6,496. This indicates that the leaf extract of Shorea spp. has inhibitory effects against DENV and could be developed as an antiviral againsts DENV in the future, DENV is a virus transmitted through mosquito vectors, named Aedes aegypti. This virus consists of four types, which is DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. DENV infection are more prevalent in countries with tropical climates, such as the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. Indonesia is one of the country with endemic DENV infection founded in the entire region. Until now, the treatment which is given to patients with DENV infection is still in the form of supportive treatment, because effective drugs to treat the four types of DENV has not been discovered yet. Leaf extract of Shorea spp. allegedly has the ability to inhibit DENV which acts as an antiviral. In this study, Huh7lt cell was infected with DENV and was given Shorea spp. extracts in various concentrations from 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml. Inhibitory effect was tested by using focus assay, while cytotoxic effect was tested by using MTT assay. In this study, the extract's cytotoxic value (CC50) against cell and inhibition values (IC50) against DENV was determined, with the results 150.85 μg/ml and 23.22 μg/ml. Based on value of IC50 dan CC50, Selectivity Inde x (SI) score was 6,496. This indicates that the leaf extract of Shorea spp. has inhibitory effects against DENV and could be developed as an antiviral againsts DENV in the future]"

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit avian influenza subtipe H5N1 Asian lineage yang mulai mewabah di kawasan Asia, Afrika dan Eropa sejak tahun 1997 selain menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi yang sangat signifikan juga mengancam aspek kesehatan manusia dimana sejumlah korban meninggal dunia karena infeksi virus yang bersifat zoonosis. Penanganan penyakit dilakukan dengan antiviral yang berbasis neuraminidase inhibitor. Permasalahan timbul sebagai akibat mutasi beberapa strain virus menjadi resisten terhadap antiviral yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan desain antiviral alternatif berbasis siRNA terhadap gen nucleoprotein yang lebih sesuai terhadap virus avian influenza subtipe H5N1 yang bersirkulasi di Indonesia. Metode: Desain siRNA dilakukan secara in silico dengan program siDirect 2.0 berdasarkan 210 sekuen gen nucleoprotein virus H5N1 yang bersirkulasi di Indonesia. Dua kandidat siRNA-NP672 dan siRNA-NP1433 dipilih berdasarkan kajian bioinformatik. Selanjutnya, kedua kandidat siRNA-NP tersebut ditantang secara in vitro pada sel Mabin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) terhadap virus H5N1 asal Indonesia clade 2.1.3 dan 2.3.2 dengan menggunakan siRNA-NP1496 sebagai pembanding. Paramater yang diamati adalah produksi virus dan ekspresi gen virus. Terakhir, analisa mutasi gen nucleoprotein virus H5N1 dilakukan untuk melihat paparan siRNA-NP secara berulang kali. Hasil: Kandidat siRNA-NP672 memberikan efek penurunan infeksi virus H5N1 yang lebih baik dalam menurunkan tingkat infeksi virus HPAI subtipe H5N1 baik clade 2.1.3 dan 2.3.2 secara in vitro pada sel MDCK yang dicerminkan dengan titer produksi virus dibandingkan dua desain lainnya yaitu siRNA-NP1433 dan siRNA-NP1496. Pemberian siRNA-NP672 juga memberikan efek peredaman yang lebih tinggi dan konsisten terhadap ekspresi gen-gen virus, antara lain nucleoprotein, polymerase acidic, hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, Matrix, dan non-structural. Hasil kajian bioinformatik terhadap struktur sekunder dan tersier RNA gen nucleoprotein menunjukkan bahwa target siRNA-NP672 lebih berinteraksi karena memiliki bagian bebas (loop) yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dua kandidat siRNA-NP lainnya. Selanjutnya, paparan siRNA-NP tidak memicu terjadinya mutasi gen target pada virus H5N1 baik clade 2.1.3 dan clade 2.3.2 setelah 3 kali paparan. Kesimpulan: Desain siRNA-NP672 menunjukkan prospek yang lebih baik dalam menurunkan tingkat infeksi virus avian influenza subtipe H5N1 baik clade 2.1.3 dan clade 2.3.2.

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Introduction: Avian influenza disease outbreak of subtype H5N1 Asian lineage that has spread in Asia, Africa, and European continental since 1997 caused massive economic drawbacks as well as a zoonotic threat where numerous deaths related to viral infection. The treatment of viral infection has been done with antiviral based on neuraminidase inhibitors. However, mutation of numerous virus strains has been confirmed that may lead to resistance against current antivirals. This study's objective was to design an alternative antiviral based on siRNA targeting nucleoprotein gene that is more suitable for the avian influenza viruses subtype H5N1 circulating in Indonesia. Methods: The siRNA design was accomplished in silico using the siDirect 2.0 program based on 210 nucleoprotein gene sequences of H5N1 viruses circulating in Indonesia. Two siRNA candidates (siRNA-NP672 and siRNA-NP1433) were chosen based on bioinformatic analyses. Subsequently, these siRNA-NP candidates were challenged in vitro in Mabin-Darby canine kidney cell culture against the Indonesian H5N1 both clade 2.1.3 and clade 2.3.2 using siRNA-NP1496 as a comparison. The parameters analyzed within the study are including virus production and viral gene expression level. Finally, mutation analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of three serial siRNA-NP exposures to the target gene of the H5N1 viruses. Results: The siRNA-NP672 provides a better reduction of the H5N1 viral infection, especially on viral production titer for both clade 2.1.3 and clade 2.3.2 compared to the two other siRNA candidates, including siRNA-NP1433 and siRNA-NP1496. The siRNANP672 also provides a better and more consistent reduction of viral gene expression levels, including nucleoprotein, polymerase acidic, hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, Matrix, dan non-structural. This finding was confirmed by bioinformatic analyses of the siRNA-NP672 biding site in the secondary and tertiary structure of the nucleoprotein gene which has more free parts (loop) compared to the two other siRNA-NP candidates. Subsequently, three serial exposures of siRNA-NP do not induce any mutation on the target site of the nucleoprotein gene of the H5N1 virus both clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2. Conclusion: The design of siRNA-NP672 provides a better prospect to reduce the Indonesian avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infection for both clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2."

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Prevalensi infeksi virus dengue, yang bermanifestasi sebagai demam dengue, masih sangat tinggi karena Indonesia termasuk dalam negara tropis dengan iklim yang sesuai bagi nyamuk Aedes Aegypti, sebagai vektor virus dengue, untuk tumbuh dan berkembang. Namun, antivirus yang spesifik untuk virus dengue belum ditemukan. Riset mengenai senyawa murni sebagai obat antivirus melawan virus dengue masih terus berkembang, dengan quercetin sebagai salah satu senyawa murni yang diteliti. Quercetin adalah senyawa murni  flavonoid yang berasal dari tumbuhan, banyak ditemui di berbagai macam buah dan sayuran. Quercetin sudah terbukti dapat meningkatkan kinerja tubuh dan mengurangi risiko infeksi. Dalam mencegah terjadinya infeksi virus, quercetin sudah terbukti dapat menghambat fusi virus dengue dengan mengubah susunan protein selubung melalui metode molecular docking.  Namun, riset menggunakan sel manusia belum pernah dilakukan. Maka, riset ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas quercetin sebagai obat antivirus melawan DENV-2 galur New Guinea C pada sel manusia Huh 7 it-1 sel, untuk menentukan efek dari quercetin untuk sel yang berasal dari manusia. Riset ini menggunakan metode in vitro dengan sel Huh 7 it-1 yang telah diinfeksikan dengan DENV-2, untuk mengetahui nilai IC₅₀ dengan metode Focus Forming Assay dan CC₅₀ dengan metode MTT assay. Hasil dari nilai CC₅₀ dari quercetin adalah 231,400 μg/mL dan nilai IC₅₀ sebesar 18,406 μg/mL, dengan nilai SI sebesar 12,572. Hasil ini menunjukan rendahnya nilai IC₅₀ dan tingginya CC₅₀, menghasilkan nilai SI yang tinggi. Nilai SI yang tinggi menunjukkan quercetin memiliki tingkat sitotoksisitas yang rendah dengan efektivitas yang tinggi. Maka, quercetin dapat menjadi salah satu kandidat obat antivirus untuk DENV-2 di masa mendatang. 

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The prevalence of dengue virus infection, that manifests as dengue fever, in Indonesia is still high considering Indonesia is a tropical country which weather is suitable for the Aedes Aegypti mosquito as dengue virus vector to grow and develop. Unfortunately, the specific antivirus for dengue virus is not yet known. The research of pure compounds to combat dengue infection is currently developing, with quercetin as one of the used compounds.  Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid that can be found in wide variety of fruits and vegetables. It has been proven that quercetin able to improve body performance and reduce the risk of infection. In prevention towards virus infection, quercetin has already been proven to inhibit dengue virus fusion by blocking conformational changes of DENV envelope protein through molecular docking. However, the research on human cell line through in vitro method is not yet conducted. Therefore, this research aims to determine the effectivity of quercetin as antiviral drug towards DENV-2 strain New Guinea C in human cell line Huh 7 it-1, to closely determine the effect of quercetin in human-derived cell. This research conducted in vitro using cells Huh 7it-1 cell that were infected by DENV-2 to determine the value of IC₅₀ using Focus Forming Assay and CC₅₀ using MTT assay. The result of CC₅₀ value was 231.400 μg/mL and IC₅₀ value was 18.406 μg/mL, with the SI value of 12.572. Since the result indicate low IC₅₀ and high CC₅₀, resulting in high SI, it implies that quercetin has low toxicity with high effectivity. Thus, quercetin may become the candidate of future antiviral drug against DENV-2. 

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"This book focuses on new small molecule approaches to combat viral infections. The chapters describe the discovery and development from bench through the clinic of relatively recently-approved antiviral drugs and compounds in advanced clinical development. Organized by a virus (such as HIV, HCV, RSV, influenza, HBV and CMV) and written by top academic and industrial authorities in the field, the book provides a unique opportunity to study, understand and apply discovery and development principles and learning without the need for an individual to research, analyze and synthesize all immense sourcing references. Topics showcase challenges and solutions of issues encountered, offeringtremendous experience accumulated over many years of research that will be particularly useful to basic and bench scientists as well as clinicians as they continue discovering and developing new drugs and therapies."

"Dengue berdarah dengue (DBD) di Indonesia adalah salah satu penyakit utama sejak 47 tahun yang lalu, yang terus meningkat hingga sekarang. Saat ini belum tersedia pengobatan spesifik Dengue Virus (DENV) yang efektif dan tersedia secara komersial, melainkan hanya sebatas terapi suportif. Penggunaan antivirus dapat menurunkan tingginya angka morbiditas dan mortalitas yang disebabkan dari infeksi DENV, di mana senyawa murni terus berkembang menjadi salah satu kandidatnya. Piperine adalah senyawa murni yang dapat ditemukan di beragam herbal yang tergolong dalam famili Piperaceae. Penelitian ini ialah studi eksperimental mengenai efektivitas Piperine sebagai antivirus terhadap DENV-2 galur New Guinea C pada galur sel manusia, Huh7it-1. Efektivitas didapat melalui perhitungan indeks selektivitas, melalui perbandingan nilai CC₅₀ dengan IC₅₀ Piperine. CC₅₀ dan IC₅₀ secara berurutan diuji menggunakan uji MTT assay dan focus assay. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, nilai CC₅₀ dan IC₅₀ yang didapat ialah 227,096 µg/ml dan 10,708 µg/ml, menghasilkan 21,208 indeks selektivitas. Tingginya CC₅₀ dan rendahnya IC 50 menghasilkan indeks selektivitas yang tinggi, sehingga membuktikan bahwa Piperine memiliki aktivitas penghambatan DENV yang tinggi dengan memiliki efek toksisitas yang rendah pada Huh7it-1. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Piperine adalah senyawa murni yang dapat menjadi kandidat dalam antivirus DENV di kemudian hari.

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Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Indonesia has been one of the major health problems since 47 years ago, which continuously increasing until now. There is no effective and commercially available antiviral drug specific to DENV, but they are now only limited to supportive therapies. The use of antiviral can decrease the morbidity and mortality rates caused by DENV infection, where pure compounds of many herbs are currently developing to become antiviral candidate. Piperine is an alkaloid found in various plants belonging to Piperaceae family. This is an experimental study regarding the effectivity of Piperine as antiviral against DENV-2 strain New Guinea C in human cell line, Huh7it-1. The effectivity of Piperine is measured through selectivity index (SI), obtained from the ratio between the half-cytotoxic concentration of Piperine (CC₅₀) and its half-inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀). CC₅₀ and IC₅₀ were measured respectively through MTT assay and focus assay techniques. From this experiment, CC₅₀ and IC₅₀ obtained were 227.096 µg/ml and 10.708 µg/ml, respectively - thus resulting 21.208 as its SI. The high CC 50 and low IC 50 , that create high SI indicates that Piperine has high antiviral activity against DENV with low toxicity in human cell line Huh7it-1. Therefore, the conclusion drawn is that Piperine is an effective candidate for antiviral against DENV-2 in the future. "