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"Covering the ratio and proportion method of drug calculations, "Drug Calculations: Ratio and Proportion Problems for Clinical Practice, 9th Edition" provides clear, step-by-step explanations and concise examples to ensure safety and accuracy. Unique to this book, a "proof" step in the answer key lets you double-check your calculation results to avoid medication errors. Safety is also addressed through the inclusion of Quality & Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) information and with features such as Clinical Alerts and High Alert drug icons calling attention to situations in actual practice that have resulted in drug errors. Written by Meta Brown Seltzer and Joyce Mulholland, this text includes extensive hands-on practice with calculation problems, critical thinking exercises, worksheets, and assessment tests. And to boost your proficiency, a companion Evolve website adds more than 600 additional practice problems."

"Konsumsi obat melalui mulut (oral drug administration) merupakan salah satu metode konsumsi obat yang paling banyak digunakan karena kemudahannya dalam proses pengiriman obat ke dalam tubuh dan juga karena efek sampingnya yang ditimbulkan relatif kecil. Masalah yang ada pada metode konsumsi ini adalah ekstrimnya perubahan pH yang terdapat dalam sistem pencernaan manusia. Perubahan pH yang ekstrim ini dapat membuat obat luruh terlebih dahulu dan tidak dapat bekerja secara efektif. Untuk itu dikembangkan sediaan yang dapat melepaskan obat secara terkendali (controlled drug release/CDR). Pada penelitian ini sediaan CDR dibentuk dengan metode gelasi ionotropik menggunakan biopolimer kitosan, senyawa tripolifosfat (TPP) sebagai penaut silang, dan parasetamol sebagai model obat. Pada penelitian ini pengaruh konsentrasi TPP sebagai penaut silang diamati terhadap muatan parasetamol dalam sediaan dan terhadap profil pelepasan parasetamol dalam fluida yang menyerupai fluida dalam sistem pencernaan manusia. Dari hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa mikrosfer kitosan-TPP yang dibuat melepaskan parasetamol paling banyak dalam larutan buffer pH 6,8, yang menstimulasi larutan pada usus besar. Sementara muatan obat maksimum dalam sediaan CDR ini diperoleh dari mikrosfer kitosan dengan TPP sebesar 4%.

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Oral drug administration is one of the drug delivery methods that is most widely used because of its simplicity in the process of drug delivery into the body and also because of the side effects caused are relatively small. However, this method had a problem. The problem with this method of consumption is extreme pH changes are present in the human digestive system. This extreme pH changes can damage the drug so the drug may not work effectively. For that reason, This study developed drugs preparations that can release drugs in a controlled time (controlled drug release/CDR). In this study, the method of formation of CDR preparations is ionotropic gelation using biopolymers chitosan, Tripolyphosphate as cross-linking agents, and paracetamol used as a model drug. In this study the influence of the concentration of TPP as a cross-linking agents are observed against paracetamol’s loading in the preparation and the release profiles of paracetamol in a fluid-like fluid in the human digestive system. From the results of this research note that the chitosan-TPP microspheres made most of paracetamol release in pH 6.8 buffer solution, a solution that stimulates the colons. While the maximum drug payload in the preparation of this CDR obtained from chitosan microspheres with TPP by 4%."