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"The aim of this edited book is to provide health professionals, across a wide variety of specialisms, with a targeted access to evolutionary medicine. Throughout the book, the views of both medical and evolutionary scientists on the latest relevant research is presented with a focus on practical implications. The inclusion of boxes explaining the theoretical background as well as both a glossary for technical terms and a lay summary for non- specialists enable medical researchers, public health professionals, policy makers, physicians, students, scholars and the public alike to quickly and easily access appropriate information. This edited volume is thus relevant to anyone keen on finding out how evolutionary medicine can improve the health and well-being of people. "

"Summary:Behavioral Medicine delivers real-world coverage of behavioral and interactional issues that occur between provider and patient in everyday clinical practice"

"Stres dapat menyebabkan perubahan perilaku individu dan timbulnya gangguan kesehatan yang dapat menurunkan produktivitas kerja. Sebanyak 60% karyawan mengalami penurunan produktivitas kerja yang disebabkan oleh stres. Pengetahuan dan penelitian tentang hubungan stres dengan kadar glukosa darah di Indonesia masih sedikit dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mencari hubungan antara stres dengan peningkatan kadar glukosa darah pada karyawan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas X.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross-sectional, dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara consecutive sampling. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 111 yang berasal dari karyawan FKUX. Studi ini menggunakan data primer berupa kadar glukosa darah subjek yang diperiksa langsung oleh peneliti dengan menggunakan glukosameter merk Nesco. Sedangkan, data stres didapatkan dari kuesioner SRQ20. Analisis statistik penelitian ini menggunakan uji Fisher, jika nilai p < 0,05 menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara kedua variabel.Hasil analisis didapatkan sebanyak 71,4% karyawan yang mengalami gangguan stres memiliki kadar glukosa darah yang meningkat. Selain itu, hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara stres dengan kadar glukosa darah (p= 0,035). Stres fisik maupun psikologis akan menimbulkan reaksi yang sama di dalam tubuh berupa aktivasi fight or flight respone, sehingga timbul rangsangan sistem saraf autonomik dan pelepasan berbagai hormon seperti kortisol, epinefrin, glukagon dan hormon pertumbuhan yang mengakibatkan peningkatan glukoneogenesis di hati. Selain itu, efek epinefrin dapat menghambat sekresi insulin menyebabkan peningkatan glukosa darah.

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Stress may lead to changes in individual behaviour and reduce worker`s productivity. As many as 60% of employees decreased work productivity due to stress during work. However, knowledge and study on the relationship between stress and blood glucose levels in Indonesia is still rarely done. The aim of this study was to find the relationship between stress and blood glucose levels in FMUX employees. This study used a cross-sectional, with consecutive sampling technique. As many as 111 staff of FKUX were taken as sample in this study.

This study uses primary data such as blood glucose levels directly examined by researchers using Nesco brand glukosameter. Meanwhile, the stress data obtained from the questionnaires SRQ20. The data were analysed by Fischer test, if the value of p <0,05, the study shows significant relationship between variables. There are 71,4% of employees who experience stress disorders have elevated blood glucose level.

Fisher test analysis results obtained Significancy value of 0.035 which states significant relation between stress and blood glucose levels. Stress may lead to activation of the autonomic nervous system and release hormones such as cortisol, epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone which causes an increase in blood glucose level. Furthermore, epinephrine may reduce insulin secretion which increase blood glucose level."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Umpan balik memiliki peran penting pada proses pembelajaranseseorang. Konsep mengenai perilaku mencari umpan balik telah banyak ditelititetapi masih terdapat gambaran yang belum lengkap mengenai berbagai aspekterkait perilaku mencari umpan balik tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengeksplorasi perilaku mencari umpan balik mahasiswa kedokteran di FakultasKedokteran Universitas Lampung (FK Unila) secara mendalam.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatanfenomenologi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui FGD (focus groupdiscussion) dengan mahasiswa FK Unila Angkatan 2012, 2013 dan 2014.Triangulasi data dilakukan melalui FGD dengan staf pengajar, wawancara denganketua tim Medical Education Unit dan studi dokumen yang dilakukan selamabulan April sampai dengan Mei 2015. Hasil FGD dan wawancara dituliskandalam bentuk transkrip verbatim lalu dilakukan analisis tematik dan koding.Selanjutnya dilakukan reduksi dan penyajian data.Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman mahasiswa dan stafpengajar mengenai umpan balik masih belum tepat. Motivasi mahasiswa untukmencari umpan balik disebabkan oleh keinginan untuk mendapatkan informasiyang berguna bagi dirinya dan mengontrol kesan orang lain. Faktor penghambattersering mahasiswa dalam mencari umpan balik kepada staf pengajar adalah rasasegan dan takut untuk mendapatkan komentar negatif mengenai dirinya.Mahasiswa akan mencari umpan balik kepada orang yang memiliki hubungankedekatan dan kredibilitas yang baik dalam konteks lingkungan yang privat.Kesimpulan: Belum adanya pemahaman yang sama mengenai pengertian umpanbalik menyebabkan proses pencarian dan pemberian umpan balik di FK Unilabelum berjalan secara efektif. Sistem pendidikan kedokteran yang hirarkis, faktorbudaya dan kesibukan staf pengajar merupakan beberapa faktor penghambat.Institusi perlu membuat suatu kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk menumbuhkankesadaran dan menciptakan atmosfer bagi mahasiswa dan staf pengajar akan artipenting umpan balik.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Feedback has many important roles in an individual learningprocess. The concept of feedback-seeking behaviour has been widely studied butthere is still lack of information on the aspects related to it. This study is aimed toexplore feedback-seeking behaviour of undergraduate medical students at Facultyof Medicine University of Lampung.Method: This study used qualitative research methods with phenomenologicalapproach. Data was collected through focus group discussion (FGD) with studentsin Faculty of Medicine University of Lampung class of 2012, 2013 and 2014.Similar method was used with faculty members to triangulate the data, and also anin-depth interview with the head of Medical Education Unit and documentanalysis. The result of FGD and interview were transcribed verbatim, analysedthematically and coded, to reduce and present the data.Result: The results obtained in this study indicate that the understanding ofstudents and lecturers of feedback is still incorrect. Students are motivated to seekfeedback because they want useful information and have the desire to control theimpressions of others. One of the biggest factors that inhibit students to seekfeedback from the lecturer is their fear in getting negative comments. Studentswill look for feedback from people who have close relationships with them andgood credibility in the context of a private environment.Conclusion: The absence of a common understanding of the meaning of feedbackcauses the feedback-seeking and feedback-giving process on FK Unila not runeffectively. Hierarchical system of medical education, cultural factors andlecturers? busy schedule are some factors that hinder feedback-seeking process.Institutions need to make a policy to raise awareness and create an atmosphere forstudents and faculty members on the importance of feedback, Background: Feedback has many important roles in an individual learningprocess. The concept of feedback-seeking behaviour has been widely studied butthere is still lack of information on the aspects related to it. This study is aimed toexplore feedback-seeking behaviour of undergraduate medical students at Facultyof Medicine University of Lampung.Method: This study used qualitative research methods with phenomenologicalapproach. Data was collected through focus group discussion (FGD) with studentsin Faculty of Medicine University of Lampung class of 2012, 2013 and 2014.Similar method was used with faculty members to triangulate the data, and also anin-depth interview with the head of Medical Education Unit and documentanalysis. The result of FGD and interview were transcribed verbatim, analysedthematically and coded, to reduce and present the data.Result: The results obtained in this study indicate that the understanding ofstudents and lecturers of feedback is still incorrect. Students are motivated to seekfeedback because they want useful information and have the desire to control theimpressions of others. One of the biggest factors that inhibit students to seekfeedback from the lecturer is their fear in getting negative comments. Studentswill look for feedback from people who have close relationships with them andgood credibility in the context of a private environment.Conclusion: The absence of a common understanding of the meaning of feedbackcauses the feedback-seeking and feedback-giving process on FK Unila not runeffectively. Hierarchical system of medical education, cultural factors andlecturers’ busy schedule are some factors that hinder feedback-seeking process.Institutions need to make a policy to raise awareness and create an atmosphere forstudents and faculty members on the importance of feedback]"