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"The book provides a detailed, up-to-date account of the basics, the technology, and the clinical use of ion beams for radiation therapy. Theoretical background, technical components, and patient treatment schemes are delineated by the leading experts that helped to develop this field from a research niche to its current highly sophisticated and powerful clinical treatment level used to the benefit of cancer patients worldwide. This book consists of related chapters. It is a common achievement by 76 experts from around the world. Their expertise reflects the diversity of the field with radiation therapy, medical and accelerator physics, radiobiology, computer science, engineering, and health economics. The book addresses a similarly broad audience ranging from professionals that need to know more about this novel treatment modality or consider to enter the field of ion beam therapy as a researcher. However, it is also written for the interested public and for patients who might want to learn about this treatment option."

"Penggunaan plastik sehari-hari meningkatkan sampah plastik sulit terurai, sementara limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dari industri minyak kelapa sawit juga menjadi masalah lingkungan signifikan. Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh iradiasi electron beam terhadap sifat kimia dan fisik recycled polyethylene (rPE) serta kompatibilitasnya dengan TKKS dalam komposit Wood Plastic Composite (WPC). Iradiasi electron beam digunakan untuk memodifikasi rPE agar lebih kompatibel dengan TKKS. RPE diiradiasi dengan dosis 0, 100, 200, dan 300 kGy, kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan Melt Flow Index (MFI) dan pengukuran sudut kontak. Hasil menunjukkan dosis iradiasi mempengaruhi viskositas dan sifat permukaan rPE. Pada dosis 100 kGy, terjadi peningkatan hubung silang yang menurunkan MFI, sementara pada 300 kGy, chain scission dominan meningkatkan MFI. Pengukuran sudut kontak menunjukkan peningkatan sifat hidrofilik hingga dosis 200 kGy, namun sedikit meningkat pada 300 kGy. Uji mekanik menggunakan Universal Testing Machine (UTM) menunjukkan WPC dengan iradiasi 100 kGy memiliki tensile strength dan elongation at break lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanpa iradiasi. Analisis Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) menunjukkan peningkatan adhesi antara serat TKKS dan matriks rPE pada sampel dengan iradiasi 100 kGy, menghasilkan struktur yang lebih homogen dan kuat. Penelitian ini menunjukkan iradiasi electron beam pada dosis optimal dapat meningkatkan sifat mekanik dan kompatibilitas WPC, menjadikannya alternatif potensial untuk mengatasi masalah lingkungan.

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The use of plastic in daily life has led to an increase in non-degradable plastic waste, while empty fruit bunch (EFB) waste from the palm oil industry also poses a significant environmental problem. This study examines the effects of electron beam irradiation on the chemical and physical properties of recycled polyethylene (rPE) and its compatibility with EFB in the formation of Wood Plastic Composite (WPC). Electron beam irradiation is used to modify rPE to improve compatibility between hydrophobic rPE and hydrophilic EFB. In this study, rPE was irradiated at doses of 0, 100, 200, and 300 kGy, followed by characterization using Melt Flow Index (MFI) and contact angle measurements. Results showed that irradiation doses affect the viscosity and surface properties of rPE. At a dose of 100 kGy, increased hubung silang reduced MFI, while at 300 kGy, chain scission was dominant, significantly increasing MFI. Contact angle measurements indicated increased hydrophilicity up to a dose of 200 kGy, with a slight increase at 300 kGy. Mechanical testing using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) showed that WPC irradiated at 100 kGy had higher tensile strength and elongation at break compared to non-irradiated samples. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed improved adhesion between EFB fibers and the rPE matrix in samples irradiated at 100 kGy, resulting in a more homogeneous and robust structure. This study demonstrates that optimal electron beam irradiation doses can enhance the mechanical properties and compatibility of WPC, making it a potential alternative for addressing environmental issues."

"Salah satu algoritma perhitungan dosis berkas elektron yang digunakan pada perencanaan radioterapi eksternal adalah algoritma Fermi-Eyges dengan model Hogstrom. Perbandingan antara hasil kalkulasi Fermi-Eyges model Hogstrom dengan hasil pengukuran langsung dilakukan dalam penelitian ini melalui analisa kuantitatif terhadap PDD untuk lima energi (6, 9, 15, 18, dan 21 MeV) dan lima ukuran lapangan (5 cm x 5 cm, 10 cm x 10 cm, 15 cm x 15 cm, 20 cm x 20 cm, dan 25 cm x 25 cm). Kalkulasi dosis dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak Matlab R2009b. PDD hasil perhitungan didapati memiliki diskrepansi rata-rata total 23,19% terhadap PDD hasil pengukuran.Hasil juga menunjukkan bahwa kalkulasi Fermi-Eyges Hogstrom kurang sesuai dengan data pengukuran pada energi tinggi dan lapangan kecil (diskrepansi rata-rata tertinggi ditemukan pada lapangan 5 cm x 5 cm energi 21 MeV senilai 46,33%) dan sesuai pada energi tinggi dan lapangan besar (diskrepansi rata-rata terendah ditemukan pada lapangan 25 cm x 25 cm energi 21 MeV senilai 5,49%).One of the algorithms utilized on electron beam external radiotherapy planning is the Fermi-Eyges (Hogstrom model) formulation. Dose calculation results of Fermi-Eyges (Hogstrom model) formulation for five energy (6, 9, 15, 18, dan 21 MeV) and five field-size (5 cm x 5 cm, 10 cm x 10 cm, 15 cm x 15 cm, 20 cm x 20 cm, dan 25 cm x 25 cm) are compared with those of experimental results for the same parameter. Dose calculation is performed with Matlab R2009b software.

The result showed that calculated PDD disagreed by averaged 23,19% with the experimental result on all energies and field-sizes at all depths. Also shown by the result that Fermi-Eyges Hogstrom calculation disagreed significantly with measurement on high-energy, small field-sized beams (greatest discrepancy was found at 21 MeV, 5 cm x 5 cm beam as great as 46,33% averaged at all depths) while agrees on high-energy, large field-sized beams (least discrepancy was found at 21 MeV, 25 cm x 25 cm beam as much as 5,49% averaged at all depths)."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang penggunaan Treatment Planning System (TPS) PRISM pada kasus kanker payudara menggunakan unit terapi Elekta di RSPAD Gatot Soebroto. Berkas elektron biasanya digunakan setelah pembedahan untuk pengobatan kanker payudara sebagai dosis tambahan. Pengukuran dosis dengan energi 8 MeV dan 10 MeV serta lapangan aplikator 6 x 6 cm2, 10 x 10 cm2, 14 x 14 cm2 dan 20 x 20 cm2 disimulasikan sebagai beam data pada PRISM. Beam data unit terapi SL20B merupakan bawaan pada piranti lunak PRISM yang akan dijadikan sebagai acuan kalkulasi. Dosis pada water phantom, inhomogenity phantom dan hasil simulasi CT Scan pasien kanker payudara dianalisis secara 1D berupa PDD, 2D berupa kurva isodosis dan 3D berupa Dose Volume Histogram. Distribusi dosis yang dikalkulasi dengan menggunakan TPS PRISM berbeda dengan hasil TPS ISIS. Hal ini karena adanya koreksi dari densitas jaringan (inhomogenitas) pada TPS PRISM sedangkan pada TPS ISIS tidak memperhitungkan hal tersebut. Beberapa deviasi distribusi dosis bernilai sangat besar antara TPS ISIS dan TPS PRISM. Deviasi melebihi 5% terjadi saat energi 8 MeV mulai dari kedalaman 2.3 cm dan 10 MeV mulai dari kedalaman 2.8 cm.

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This thesis discusses about the utilization of PRISM Treatment Planning System (TPS) in the case of breast cancer using Elekta therapy unit at RSPAD Gatot Soebroto. Treatment option by using electron beam is always done after surgery as booster doses. Dose measurements with linac energy 8 MeV and 10 MeV and field sizes 6 x 6 cm2, 10 x 10 cm2, 14 x 14 cm2 and 20 x 20 cm2 were simulated as beam data on PRISM. Therapy unit SL20B beam data are innate in software PRISM that will be used as reference calculations. Doses on water phantom, inhomogenity phantom and the CT scan simulation for breast cancer patient were analyzed in form of PDD for 1D, isodosis curve for 2D and Dose Volume Histogram for 3D. The result from PRISM TPS and ISIS TPS are different because the correction factors of inhomogenity are not included in ISIS TPS. Some deviations of dose distribution from TPS ISIS and TPS PRISM are very high. Deviation larger than 5% started from 2.3 cm depth for 8 MeV and 2.8 cm for 10 MeV."