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"ABSTRAKReflux of trimethylsilyl trichloroacetate and an alkene with the addition of a phase transfer catalyst (4 mol.%) and solid, dry potassium fluoride in an inert nonpolar solvent (toluene, chloroform, or dichloromethane) leads to dichlorocarbene adducts. This is a non-basic mild method, which can easily be carried out. "

"This book about electronic structures of oxo-metal ions, early days in kemisk laboratorium IV and later studies, transition metal corrole coordination chemistry. A review focusing on electronic structural studies, chemical sensing with semiconducting metal phthalocyanines, biological outer-sphere coordination, ligand field and molecular orbital theories of transition metal X-ray absorption edge transitions, and time-resolved X-ray diffraction : the dynamics of the chemical bond."

"This book about a chronicle about the development of electronic structure theories for transition metal complexes orbital models and electronic structure theory, sturmians and generalized sturmians in quantum theory, chemistry as a “manifestation of quantum phenomena” and the born–oppenheimer approximation?, from ligand field theory to molecular collision dynamics : a common thread of angular momentum, a modern first-principles view on ligand field theory through the eyes of correlated multireference wavefunctions, and the phase rule : beyond myopia to understanding."

"ABSTRAKBahan bakar fosil yang menipis menjadi permasalahan energi saat ini. Hal tersebut meningkatkan pengembangan sumber energi terbarukan yang berkelanjutan dan bersifat ramah lingkungan. Bio-oil merupakan sumber energi berkelanjutan yang dihasilkan dari proses fast pyrolysis material organik serta material lain yang berpotensi sebagai sumber bio-oil, seperti senyawa guaiacol yang berasal dari bio-polimer lignin. Pada penelitian ini senyawa guaiacol digunakan sebagai senyawa model bio-oil, yang dikonversi melalui reaksi hidrodeoksigenasi HDO dengan metode catalytic transfer hydrogen untuk mengurangi kandungan oksigen serta mereduksi ikatan rangkap ? pada cincin aromatisnya. Reaksi HDO pada senyawa guaiacol dilakukan dengan menggunakan katalis heterogen Pd/TiO2 dan katalis bimetal M-Pd/TiO2 Co, Mo, dan Ni, serta pelarut 2-propanol sebagai sumber hidrogen. Variasi logam transisi pada katalis bimetal dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh masing-masing logam terhadap aktivitas katalis Pd/TiO2. Preparasi katalis dilakukan dengan metode impregnasi kering atau incipient wetness dengan prekursor berupa: 1 garam PdCl2; 2 senyawa garam nitrat Co dan Ni; 3 garam ammonium molibdenum dan 4 penyangga Titania TiO2 P-25. Katalis hasil preparasi dianalisis menggunakan, TEM dan H2-TPR. Reaksi dari masing-masing katalis dilakukan menggunakan batch reactor pada suhu 250 C selama 1 jam dengan tekanan gas He sebesar 30 bar. Produk reaksi kemudian dianalisis menggunakan GC-FID, untuk menentukan persen konversi dari substrat berupa guaiacol. Katalis Ni-Pd/TiO2 menunjukan aktivitas yang tinggi terhadap reaksi HDO, dengan persen konversi guaiacol sebesar 31,21, serta persen konversi 2-propanol sebesar 16,26. Katalis ini kemudian direaksikan tanpa hadirnya pelarut 2-propanol, untuk melihat pengaruh 2-propanol sebagai sumber hidrogen. Rendahnya persen konversi sebesar 11,53 , menunjukan 2-propanol berperan dalam reaksi HDO sebagai penyedia hidrogen.

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ABSTRACTThe depletion of fossil fuel has become current energy issue that has been an attention of the development of renewable energy which sustainable and environmental friendly. Bio oil is a sustainable energy that produced from pyrolysis process of organic materials such as guaiacol compound derived from lignin bio polymers. In this study, guaiacol upgrading was used as a bio oil model compound in hydrodeoxygenation HDO reaction with Catalytic Transfer Hydrogen CTH by reducing oxygen content and double bond in the aromatic ring. Hydrodeoxygenation reaction of guaiacol was conducted by using heterogenous monometallic Pd TiO2 and bimetallic M Pd TiO2 M Co, Mo, and Ni catalysts, with 2 propanol as a hydrogen source. The addition of various transition metals to the bimetallic catalyst was performed to determine the effect of each metal on the activity of Pd TiO2 catalyst. The catalysts were synthesized by dry impregnation or incipient wetness method with precursors 1 PdCl2 salt 2 Co and Ni nitrate salt 3 ammonium moybdenum salt, and 4 supported catalyst titania TiO2 P 25. The prepared catalysts were characterized using TEM and H2 TPR. The HDO reaction of each catayst was carried out using a batch reactor at 250 C for 1 hour with 30 bar pressure of He gas. The reaction products were analyzed by GC FID to determine the conversion of guaiacol. The result showed that Ni Pd TiO2 catalyst exhibited a high activity of HDO reaction with conversion of guaiacol 32,21 and 16,26 for 2 propanol conversion percentage. This catalyst was then reacted with the same condition but without the presence of 2 propanol to evaluate the effect of alcohol solvent addition as the source of hydrogen. The low conversion percentage of guaiacol compound 11.53 showed that 2 propanol plays an important role as hydrogen source during the HDO reaction."

"This paper discusses the situation and issues concerning the distinctively Japanese school graduates employment system that has underpinned the stable transition of high school graduated from education to work in Japanese society using data from an interview survey conducted by the Japanese Instute for Labour Policy and Training (JILPT) in 2007 and the Japan Education Longitudinal study (JELS), and focuses in particular on vocational counseling for hogh school graduates...."