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"This research analyses about how and how far the transformation of agricultural production system and agrarian structure within cacao-base peasant community imply to social differentiation. The research uses a "multiple case study" approach in four cocoa peasant communities, i.e.:two communities in Central Sulawesi and the other two in Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). The result shows that capitalism enters the communities by permeating (not eliminating) through various new activities, and than produced a transitional agricultural production (particularly takes form as temporary holding), has resulted in a social differentiation in peasant community called as unequal stratification of cocial structure of peasant community. This social is differentiated in many layers from a single status layer (land owners, tillers and labor) to combination of layers (of those three statuses). Moreover, this emerging social structure is also accompanied by a further inequality in agrarian resource ownership."

"Dewasa ini telah banyak dilaporkan penelitian tentang pengujian bahan lignoselulosa sebagai sorben penyerap minyak serta modifikasinya untuk meningkatkan kapasitas penyerapannya terhadap minyak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari pengaruh perlakuan pendahuluan pada coir kelapa (Cocos nucifera) terhadap kapasitas penyerapan minyak. Perlakuan pendahuluan yang dilakukan adalah perlakuan ektraksi pelarut, perlakuan ekstraksi air, perlakuan pemanasan pada suhu 150 oC dan perlakuan asetilasi.Berdasarkan hasil pengujian menggunakan FTIR, perlakuan ekstraksi pelarut, perlakuan ekstraksi air dan perlakuan pemanasan pada suhu 150 oC selama 17 menit tidak menunjukkan perubahan pada struktur kimia lignoselulosa coir kelapa. Keberhasilan reaksi asetilasi dibuktikan dengan munculnya pita serapan dari vibrasi ulur ikatan C=O ester pada 1753,29 cm-1, vibrasi ulur ikatan ?CO? pada 1224,80 cm-1, dan vibrasi tekuk ikatan CH3 pada 1369,46 cm-1.Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan ekstraksi pelarut atau ekstraksi air pada coir kelapa dapat meningkatkan kapasitas penyerapan minyak, sedangkan perlakuan pemanasan pada 150 oC selama 17 menit menurunkan kecenderungan penyerapan sorben terhadap air. Dengan demikian, sorben dengan perlakuan ekstraksi pelarut atau ekstraksi air dapat diaplikasikan secara langsung pada sistem minyak saja, sedangkan pada sistem minyak ? air, diperlukan perlakuan tambahan (pemanasan)."

"In the cocoa tree, the genes for producing an abscission zone are in pedicles. Theprocess is hormonally driven by ethylene whilst auxins apparently decrease the sensitivityto ethylene. When the level of auxin declones, a special layer of cells (the abscissionlayer) is formed at the base of petiole or fruit stalk. Ethylene stimulates the production ofenzimes that degrade the middle lamella beetween cells in the abscission zone. The conceptdevelopment so far is correct that should be possible to delay abscission by aplication ofsinthetic auxins. Aplication of compound enhance levels of auxins or decrease absicicacid and /or ethylene. Such conditions may inhibit young fruit abscission and promotefruit development."

"Cocoa butter substitute (CBS) merupakan pengganti lemak kakao. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memformulasi cokelat dark dan cokelat white berbahan CBS. Formulasi cokelat dark dilakukan dengan memvariasikan CBS (25, 30, 35, 40%), gula (39,8; 44,8; 49,8; 54,8%) dan kakao bubuk (10, 20, 30, 40%). Formulasi cokelat white dilakukan dengan memvariasikan CBS (25, 30, 35, 40%), gula (29,8; 34,8; 39,8; 44,8%) dan susu (20, 25, 30, 35%). Cokelat dianalisa kadar air, kadar lemak, titik leleh, komposisi asam lemak, kandungan lemak padat dan uji organoleptik. Kadar air dan titik leleh lemak tidak berbeda nyata pada setiap formula cokelat dark, hal yang sama pada cokelat white. Kadar lemak pada cokelat meningkat seiring peningkatan jumlah CBS dan susu. Semakin banyak CBS meningkatkan asam laurat dan miristat sedangkan asam palmitat, stearat dan oleat menurun. Perbedaan komposisi asam lemak menyebabkan kandungan lemak padat juga berbeda. Formula terbaik pembuatan cokelat dark adalah CBS 40 %, gula 29,8 %, dan kakao bubuk 30 %, sedangkan cokelat white adalah CBS 35%, gula 34,8 %, dan susu 30%. Pada formula-formula tersebut, cokelat disukai oleh panelis."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao Indonesia terhadap ekspor produk kakao olahan dari Indonesia dan Malaysia di jangka panjang. Variabel penelitian yang digunakan adalah volume ekspor produk kakao olahan di Indonesia dan Malaysia, harga biji kakao Indonesia, harga biji kakao internasional, harga rata-rata ekspor kakao olahan di 5 negara kompetitor Indonesia dan Malaysia, volume impor kakao olahan di dunia dan dummy penerapan tarif bea keluar biji kakao Indonesia. Untuk menjawab tujuan penelitian maka digunakan metode Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) dan menggunakan bound testing cointegration untuk melihat hubungan kointegrasi dari variabel-variabel yang diteliti. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao di Indonesia berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap meningkatnya volume ekspor kakao olahan Indonesia di jangka panjang. Sedangkan bagi Malaysia, pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao di Indonesia, berpengaruh tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap menurunnya volume ekspor kakao olahan Malaysia di jangka panjang.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of Indonesian cocoa beans export tax policy on Indonesia and Malaysia processed cocoa exports in the long term. The research variables are export volume of processed cocoa products in Indonesia and Malaysia, Indonesia price of cocoa beans, world price of cocoa beans, average price of exports of processed cocoa in 5 Indonesia and Malaysia competitor countries, import volume of cocoa in the world and the dummy tariff Export duty of Indonesian cocoa beans. To answer the research objectives method is used Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL To answer the research objective, we use Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and using bound testing cointegration for testing the cointegration relationship between the research variables. The results show that in the long run, that the imposition of tariff on cocoa beans in Indonesia has a significant effect on the increase of export volume  of Indonesia processed cocoa but for Malaysia, the imposition of tariffs out of cocoa beans in Indonesia, no significant effect on the declining vol of Malaysias exports of processed cocoa."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang faktor-faktor yangdapat menghambat perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia.Penelitian ini, khususnya, ditujukan untuk menganalisa perkembangan industripengolahan kakao di Indonesia setelah penerapan bea keluar terhadap ekspor bijikakao (bahan baku bagi produk-produk olahan kakao); bagaimana respon dariindustri tersebut dan bagaimana distribusi harga diantara para pelaku dalam rantainilai kakao-coklat di Indonesia.Pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif digunakan dalam analisa penelitian ini.Analisa kualitatif digunakan untuk melihat secara deskriptif pola ekspor kakaoIndonesia, sebagai gambaran dari perkembangan industri pengolahan kakaoIndonesia. Selain itu, metode kualitatif juga digunakan untuk menganalisa rantainilai dari Kakao-Coklat di Indonesia. Analisa deskriptif juga dilakukan terhadaptrend harga biji kakao untuk melihat pembagian harga dan resiko antar pelakudalam rantai nilai kakao Indonesia akibat penerapan bea keluar ekspor biji kakaodan perubahan harga dunia biji kakao. Analisa kuantitatif dilakukan untuk melihatapakah penerapan bea keluar tersebut mempengaruhi perkembangan industripengolahan kakao Indonesia, melalui penawaran ekspor dari produk-produkolahan kakao Indonesia.Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa pasokan biji kakao yang tidak cukup untukpasar domestik, hambatan berupa bea masuk oleh negara-negara EU, danpermasalahan transportasi adalah permasalahan utama yang dapat menghambatperkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia. Dapat disimpulkan jugabahwa penerapan bea keluar untuk ekspor biji kakao adalah regulasi yang sangatefektif untuk menurunkan ketergantungan terhadap ekspor bahan baku padaekspor produk kakao Indonesia dan mendorong pengolahan domestik kakaodengan peningkatan ekspor produk-produk olahan kakao. Selain itu, penerapanbea keluar dan fluktuasi harga dunia untuk biji kakao dipandang menguntungkanpemerintah dan industri pengolahan kakao, tapi menyebabkan kerugian bagieksporter biji kakao dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap petani. Namun, suatumekanisme penetapan harga yang lebih baik antara petani dan industri sertaefektifitas dari keberadaan asosiasi atau organisasi petani dapat menjadi solusiuntuk membuat petani memperoleh keuntungan dari penerapan bea keluartersebut

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ABSTRACTThis paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer?s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition.;This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer?s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition;This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer?s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition;This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer’s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition, This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer’s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition]"

"[ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan salah satu produsen terbesar komoditas kakao biji di dunia.Hal ini menandakan bahwa kakao biji merupakan salah satu komoditas terpentingbagi Indonesia. Karenanya, pemerintah perlu menjaga stabilitas produksi darikomoditas terserbut. Selanjutnya, peran penting dari komoditas kakao biji ditandaidengan besarnya share ekspor dari komoditas tersebut terhadap total ekspor sektorpertanian Indonesia dan juga peran penting dari komoditas kakao biji terhadapmata pencaharian utama petani kecil di pedesaan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji determinan dari produksi komoditas kakaobiji Indonesia. Secara lebih khusus, penelitian ini mendiskusikan bagaimanafaktor-faktor agronomis, karakteristik petani, dan proses rantai nilai dapatmempengaruhi produksi kakao biji di Indonesia yang dijelaskan melalui metodekualitatif. Selain itu, penilitian ini juga menguji bagaimana pengaruh dari hargaprodusen dan perubahannya, harga dunia, curah hujan, dan inflasi terhadapproduksi komoditas kakao biji Indonesia dengan menggunakan model randomeffect.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor agronomis dapatmempengaruhi produksi kakao biji melalui tingkat curah hujan dan tingkatkelembaban yang memngaruhi pohon kakao. Selanjutnya, karakteristik petani,seperti motif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehar-hari, dapat memengaruhikeputusan petani dalam membudidayakan komoditas kakao biji. Proses rantai nilaimenjelaskan bahwa harga produsen secara langsung mempengaruhi kapasitasproduksi domestic, sedangkan harga internasional secara tidak langsungmempengaruhi kapasitas produksi. Sementara itu, model random effectmenunjukkan bahwa harga produsen, perubahan harga produsen, harga dunia, daninflasi secara signifikan memberikan pengaruh terhadap produksi kakao bijidomestik.

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ABSTRACTCurrently, Indonesia has become one of the major producers of cocoa bean in theworld. Then, it makes cocoa bean as one of the important commodities forIndonesia. Since the crop has become one of the important commodities forIndonesian economy, the government needs to maintain the stability of cocoabean production. The important role of cocoa bean can be shown by the share ofcocoa bean export on Indonesian agricultural export and the livelihood ofsmallholder farmers.This research aims to examine the determinants of Indonesian cocoa beanproduction. Particularly, this research discusses how the agronomics factors,farmers? characteristics, and value chain process can affect the cocoa beanproduction in Indonesia. Qualitative analysis is used to discuss these factors.Furthermore, this research also examines the affect of producer price, change inproducer price, world price, rainfall, and inflation on the cocoa bean production.Random effect model is used to examine the affect of those variables.The result reveals that agronomics factors can affect the production through theimpact of rainfall and humidity on cocoa tree. The farmers? characteristics, i.e. themotive to survive can affect the decision of farmers in cultivating cocoa bean. Thevalue chain process can explain that producer price of cocoa bean can directlyaffect the domestic production, whereas the world price indirectly affects thedomestic production. Meanwhile, the random effect model reveals that change inprice of cocoa bean, producer price of cocoa bean, the world price, and inflationsignificantly affect the domestic production.;Currently, Indonesia has become one of the major producers of cocoa bean in theworld. Then, it makes cocoa bean as one of the important commodities forIndonesia. Since the crop has become one of the important commodities forIndonesian economy, the government needs to maintain the stability of cocoabean production. The important role of cocoa bean can be shown by the share ofcocoa bean export on Indonesian agricultural export and the livelihood ofsmallholder farmers.This research aims to examine the determinants of Indonesian cocoa beanproduction. Particularly, this research discusses how the agronomics factors,farmers’ characteristics, and value chain process can affect the cocoa beanproduction in Indonesia. Qualitative analysis is used to discuss these factors.Furthermore, this research also examines the affect of producer price, change inproducer price, world price, rainfall, and inflation on the cocoa bean production.Random effect model is used to examine the affect of those variables.The result reveals that agronomics factors can affect the production through theimpact of rainfall and humidity on cocoa tree. The farmers’ characteristics, i.e. themotive to survive can affect the decision of farmers in cultivating cocoa bean. Thevalue chain process can explain that producer price of cocoa bean can directlyaffect the domestic production, whereas the world price indirectly affects thedomestic production. Meanwhile, the random effect model reveals that change inprice of cocoa bean, producer price of cocoa bean, the world price, and inflationsignificantly affect the domestic production., Currently, Indonesia has become one of the major producers of cocoa bean in theworld. Then, it makes cocoa bean as one of the important commodities forIndonesia. Since the crop has become one of the important commodities forIndonesian economy, the government needs to maintain the stability of cocoabean production. The important role of cocoa bean can be shown by the share ofcocoa bean export on Indonesian agricultural export and the livelihood ofsmallholder farmers.This research aims to examine the determinants of Indonesian cocoa beanproduction. Particularly, this research discusses how the agronomics factors,farmers’ characteristics, and value chain process can affect the cocoa beanproduction in Indonesia. Qualitative analysis is used to discuss these factors.Furthermore, this research also examines the affect of producer price, change inproducer price, world price, rainfall, and inflation on the cocoa bean production.Random effect model is used to examine the affect of those variables.The result reveals that agronomics factors can affect the production through theimpact of rainfall and humidity on cocoa tree. The farmers’ characteristics, i.e. themotive to survive can affect the decision of farmers in cultivating cocoa bean. Thevalue chain process can explain that producer price of cocoa bean can directlyaffect the domestic production, whereas the world price indirectly affects thedomestic production. Meanwhile, the random effect model reveals that change inprice of cocoa bean, producer price of cocoa bean, the world price, and inflationsignificantly affect the domestic production.]"