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Didi Sukyadi
"Klausa ing atau selanjutnya disebut klausa partisipium lepas (KPL) memiliki ciri gramatikal yang menarik untuk diteliti. Pertama, KPL dianggap tidak memiliki kala dan hubungan temporal dengan klausa induknya. Haiman (1985b: 217) mengatakan bahwa kala KPL bersifat terbuka, sedangkan Givon (1993:302) melihat KPL sebagai sebuah klausa yang memiliki ciri kefinitan rendah karena kala, aspek dan modalitasnya bersifat reduktif. Sejalan dengan Givon, Jansen dan Lentz (2001:287) juga mempercayai bahwa KPL kurang memiliki struktur internal yang lengkap baik karena ketidaklengkapan struktur sintaktis (tidak memiliki subjek) maupun morfologis (tidak memiliki kala). Kedua, Thompson (1983:45) menyebutkan bahwa KPL tidak secara eksplisit mengungkapkan hubungan logis atau temporal dengan klausa induknya. Ketiga, dari sudut pandang ikonisitas, Haiman (1985b: 217) menduga bahwa KPL dapat termotivasi baik secara ekonomis maupun ikonis sehingga statusnya tidak pasti. Dalam penelitian ini saya mengklaim bahwa karakteristik KPL sebagaimana disebutkan di atas merupakan refleksi ikonisitas KPL yang setidaknya memenuhi prinsip ikonisitas jarak (proximity iconicity) dan ikonisitas jumlah (quantity iconicity), namun kurang memenuhi prinsip ikonisitas urutan linier (Givon, 1995:47).
Ikonisitas kedekatan akan terjadi bila ada korespondensi antara kedekatan konseptual dengan kedekatan formal. Jarak antara KPL dengan klausa induknya secara formal lebih dekat daripada jarak ketika KPL diubah ke dalam struktur lengkap. Secara konseptual, KPL dengan klausa induknya dikatakan berdekatan bila antara keduanya terjadi proses subordinasi temporal (Declerck, 1991). Prinsip urutan Tinier akan terpenuhi jika posisi urutan KPL menggambarkan urutan peristiwa yang direpresentasikannya (Jakobson, 1971, Haiman, 1985b, Givon, 1985, Jansen & Lentz, 2001). Prinsip ikonisitas jumlah akan terpenuhi bila terjadi korespondensi antara jumlah satuan bahasa dan nilai informasi yang disampaikan. Jika KPL berisi informasi kurang penting (latar), sedangkan klausa induknya berisi informasi yang lebih penting (fokus), prinsip ikonisitas jumlah dapat diberlakukan. Proses pelataran dapat diungkap berdasarkan transitivitas verba klausa yang dipertanyakan. Makin transitif sebuah verba makin besar peluangnya untuk berfungsi sebagai fokus (Hopper dan Thompson, 1980 dan Thompson (1983) dan juga sebaliknya.
Korpus yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari teks naratif dan teks nonnaratif. Teks naratif berasal dari novel Moby Dick (Melville, 1851/1990), Wuthering Heights (Bronte, 1847/1998), Tom Sawyer (Twain, 1876/1993) dan Lord of the Rings (Tolkien, 1967), sedangkan teks nonnaratif berasal dari Brown Corpus dan teks resep masak. Dan kedua jenis teks itu terkumpul sekitar 1200 KPL yang kemudian diseleksi ulang menjadi sekitar 800 klausa.
Temuan penelitian ini dapat dipaparkan sebagai berikut. Pertama, hubungan temporal yang terjadi antara KPL dengan klausa induknya adalah hubungan subordinasi temporal bukan pergeseran temporal. Hubungan itu, apakah anterioritas, simultanitas, atau posterioritas, ditandai oleh sistem kala tertentu yang merujuk kepada kala klausa induknya. Karena kala dan temporalitas KPL ditentukan oleh kala dan temporalitas klausa induknya, secara konseptual kedua klausa itu berdekatan. Kedekatan konseptual antara kedua klausa itu juga tercermin dalam kedekatan temporal antara keduanya. Dengan demikian, hubungan antara KPL dengan klausa induknya merupakan hubungan ikonis. Kedekatan konseptual itu baik pada teks naratif maupun nonnaratif tidak berbeda. Kedua, berbeda dengan kasus yang ditemukan dalam bahasa Belanda, dalam bahasa Inggris posisi urutan KPL dalam kalimat tidak selalu menggambarkan urutan peristiwa yang diwakilinya. Dari 753 KPL yang dianalisis, hanya 24.5% yang isokronis. Di antara yang isokronis ini dapat dilihat bahwa teks naratif lebih isokronis daripada teks nonnaratif. Ketiga, secara umum dapat dilihat bahwa KPL kurang transitif daripada klausa induknya sehingga antara kedua klausa itu terjadi proses pelataran. Dalam proses itu, KPL yang reduktif berfungsi sebagai latar dan klausa induk yang berstruktur lengkap berfungsi sebagai fokus sehingga secara pragmatic hubungan antara kedua klausa itu ikonis. Bila dibandingkan, teks naratif kurang transitif (lebih ikonis) daripada teks nonnaratif.
Penelitian ini mengandungi implikasi bahwa KPL memiliki kala dan hubungan temporal dengan klausa induknya. Kala dan temporalitas KPL itu ditentukan oleh kala dan temporalitas klausa induknya. Setiap kala dan temporalitas klausa induk yang berfungsi sebagai pusat rujukan KPL mempunyai sistem tertentu untuk menyatakan hubungan temporal klausa itu dengan KPL-nya. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menyanggah pendapat Haiman (1985b: 217) yang menyatakan bahwa kala KPL bersifat terbuka. Penjelasan yang paling rasional untuk dikemukakan adalah bahwa kala KPL sama dengan kala klausa induknya. Tanpa pemarkah leksikal seperti when, while, after, atau now, KPL lebih logis ditafsirkan dalam kerangka subordinasi temporal daripada pergeseran temporal. Dari ketiga hubungan temporal yang mungkin terjadi antara KPL dengan klausa induknya, prototipe hubungan temporal yang mungkin terjadi adalah simultanitas. Ini berarti bahwa situasi KPL terjada dalam rangkaian waktu yang sama dengan situasi klausa induknya.

The grammatical features of ing-clauses or detached participle clauses (DPCs) are interesting to study. First, they are believed to have no tenses and temporal relations with their matrix clauses. Haiman (1985b: 217) claims that the tense of DPCs is open, whereas Givon (1993:302) sees that DPCs display clear features of low finiteness in which their tense-aspect-and modalities are reduced. Jansen and Lentz (2001:287) also believe that DPCs are lack of internal structure, either less syntax (no subject) or morphology (no tense forms). Second, Thompson (1983:45) puts forward that DPCs do not explicitly express any logical or temporal relationship with the materials for which they are the background. Third, when seen from iconicity point of view, Haiman (1985b: 217) believes that detached participle clauses are motivated by economic and iconic motivation so that their status are indeterminate. While disagreeing on Haiman's distinction of economic and iconic motivation, I argue that the characteristics of DPCs as mentioned above reflect their iconic nature that fits into both proximity iconicity and quantity iconicity, but not completely meets linear order iconicity as has been proposed by Givon (1995:47).
Proximity iconicity will happen if there is a correspondence between conceptual closeness and linguistic closeness. The reductive structure of detached participle clauses indicates their linguistic closeness to the matrix clauses, while conceptual closeness can be seen from the process of tense and temporal relation between the two clauses (Declerck, 1991). Linear order iconicity will happen if there is a correspondence between linguistic order and order of event (Jakobson, 1971, Haiman, 1985b, Givon, 1985, Jansen & Lentz, 2001). Quantity iconicity will take place if there is a one to one relation between linguistic quantity and the value of information containing in it. The case when valuable information is conveyed with more linguistic code, whereas less valuable information is conveyed with less linguistic code can be seen in the process of grounding (Hopper & Thompson, 1980) and Thompson (1983).
The corpus used in this study is of two kinds, narrative texts and non-narrative texts. Narrative texts are derived from four novels, namely Moby Dick (Melville, 1851/1990), Wuthering Heights (Bronte, 1847/1998), Tom Scnvyer (Twain, 1876/1993) and Lord of the Rings (Tolkien, 1967). Non-narrative texts are derived from Brown Corpus and cookery texts. From these two types of texts, about 753 detached participle clauses with balanced proportion are analyzed.
The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, the tense and temporal relation between the detached participle clause and its matrix clause is a temporal subordination type, not a shift of temporal domain. This finding reveals the existence of conceptual closeness between the two clauses and that detached participle clauses are iconic seen from this perspective. It is also revealed that there is no difference in conceptual closeness of detached participle clauses between narrative and non-narrative texts. Secondly, different from the case in Dutch, we cannot absolutely claim the existence of linear order iconicity (isochrony) in English detached participle clauses because only some of the detached participles are isochronic. Most of them are non-isochronic. When the isochronic ones are closely examined, we can see that narrative texts are more isochronie that non-narrative texts. Thirdly, in general, we can see that detached participle clauses are less transitive than their matrix clauses so that we can claim the existence of the grounding process. The reductive structure of the detached participle clauses serves its function in the sentence as ground, while the complete one of its main clauses serves its function as focus. When the two types of texts are compared, we can see that narrative texts are more transitive than non-narrative texts.
This study also reveals that detached participle clauses indeed have tenses and temporal relations with their matrix clauses. The tenses and temporal relations of the matrix clauses determine both of the tenses and temporal relations of the detached participle clauses. If the tense of the matrix clause is in past, the detached participle tense will be in past too. Although the three possible temporal relations (anteriority, simultaneity and posteriority) which may exist between the detached participle clause and their matrix clauses are expressed in tenses, the main prototype of the temporal relation is simultaneity, meaning that the situation of the detached participle clause takes place at the same time sequence with that of its matrix clause. To this end, we can see that detached participle clauses depend on their matrix clauses not only in terms of meaning, but also in terms of tenses and their temporal relations to the matrix clauses."
Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2005
D536
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Lamuddin Finoza
Jakarta: Mawar Gempita, 1998
808 LAM k
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Marouzeau, J. (Jules), 1878-1964
Paris: Geuthner, 1944
FRA 400 MOR l
Buku Teks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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McShane, Marjorie Joan, 1967-
New York: Oxford University Press, 2005
415 MCS t
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Maria Christa Istiana Kamagi
"ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini membahas struktur kalimat dan keterbacaan pada buku teks pelajaran
bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, sedangkan teknik
pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah analisis kepustakaan. Berdasarkan
penelitian yang dilakukan, ditemukan kalimat tunggal perluasan subjek, predikat,
objek, dan pelengkap, kalimat tunggal perluasan keterangan, kalimat majemuk setara,
kalimat majemuk bertingkat, kalimat majemuk bersusun, dan kalimat taklengkap.
Selain menjelaskan struktur kalimat yang ada, penelitian ini juga mencoba
menganalisis keterbacaan dilihat dari jumlah kata yang digunakan dalam kalimat
tersebut. Hasil yang didapat adalah terdapat beberapa kalimat yang masih masuk
kategori kalimat sulit dan sangat sulit dipahami.

ABSTRACT
This thesis discussed about the structure of sentence and readability of Indonesia?s
textbooks. This study used qualitative methods, while the data collecting used
bibliography analysis. Based on research, it found expansion of subject,
predicate,object, and complement on single sentence, the adverb expansion on single
sentence, the equivalent compound sentence, the hig-rise compound sentence, the
compiling compound sentence, and the incomplete sentence. Beside that, this study
also analyzed the readability which was seen from the number of words that use in
the sentence. As a result, there are some sentences that can be categorized into
difficult sentence and thorny sentence to be comprehended."
Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia, 2012
S42268
UI - Skripsi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Carnie, Andrew, 1969-
"This practical coursebook introduces all the basics of modern syntactic analysis in a simple step-by-step fashion. Each unit is constructed so that the reader discovers new ideas, formulates hypotheses and practices fundamentals. The reader is presented with short sections of explanation with examples, followed by practice exercises. Feedback and comment sections follow to enable students to monitor their progress. No previous background in syntax is assumed. Students move through all the key topics in the field including features, rules of combination and displacement, empty categories, and subcategorization. The theoretical perspective in this work is unique, drawing together the best ideas from three major syntactic frameworks (Minimalism, HPSG and LFG). "
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011
e20394745
eBooks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Koeneman, Olaf
""Syntax is the study of how sentences are built. Whereas the grammar of English (or other languages) might look like a rather chaotic set of arbitrary patterns, linguistic science has revealed that these patterns can actually be understood as a result of a small number of grammatical principles. This lively introductory textbook is designed for undergraduate students in linguistics, English and modern languages with relatively little background in the subject, offering the necessary tools for the analysis of phrases and sentences, while at the same time introducing state-of-the-art syntactic theory, in an accessible and engaging way. Guiding students through a variety of intriguing puzzles, striking facts and novel ideas, Introducing Syntax presents contemporary insights behind syntactic theory in one clear and coherent narrative, avoiding unnecessary technical detail and enabling readers to understand the rationale behind technicalities. Learning features include highlighted key terms, further reading suggestions and numerous exercises and activities throughout, placing syntax in a broader grammatical perspective"
New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2017
415 KOE i
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Dimas Zhafran Afdhal
"ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini membahas perkembangan pemakaian yang terjadi pada kelas kata interjeksi bahasa Indonesia secara diakronis pada data interjeksi di dalam 4 novel populer, yaitu 2 novel populer pada periode Melayu Baru dan 2 novel pada periode bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menjawab pertanyaan bagaimana bentuk dan fungsi interjeksi yang terdapat dalam 4 novel populer pada dua periode tersebut. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian, digunakan teori-teori interjeksi yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli, yakni Harimurti Kridalaksana 1998 , Hasan Alwi 2000 , dan Abdul Chaer 2008 . Selain itu, dalam bentuk interjeksi dan fungsi digunakan teori morfologi dan semantik oleh Abdul Chaer 1995, 2008 , J.S. Badudu 1985 , dan Harimurti Kridalaksana 1992 . Metode deskriptif digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk menggambarkan bagaimana pemakaian kelas kata interjeksi dalam 2 novel populer pada masa Melayu Baru dan 2 novel populer pada masa bahasa Indonesia. Di samping itu, digunakan pula pendekatan proses Chaer, 2008 untuk menjawab permasalahan bentuk interjeksi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya pengayaan yang terjadi terhadap bentuk dan fungsi interjeksi dalam 4 novel populer pada periode Melayu Baru hingga bahasa Indonesia.

ABSTRACT
This Research discusses the development of the usage that occurs in Indonesian language interjections word class diachronically in four populat novels, which is two popular novels from New Malay language period and two popular novels from Indonesia language period. This research answers the question about the interjections form and function that contained in four popular novels in two periods. To answers the research questions, the interjection theories were put forward by experts, namely Harimurti Kridalaksana 1998 , Hasan Alwi 2000 ,and Abdul Chaer 2008 . In addition, in the form of interjections and functions morphological and semantic theory is used by Abdul Chaer 1995, 2008 , J.S. Badudu 1985 , and Harimurti Kridalaksana 1992 . Descriptive method was used in this study to describe how to use the word intercourse class in 2 popular novels during the New Malay period and 2 popular novels during the Indonesian language. In addition, a process approach is also used Chaer, 2008 to answer the problem of forms of interjection. The results of this study indicate that there is an enrichment that occurs in the form and function of interjection in 4 popular novels in the New Malay period to Indonesian."
2018
S-Pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Fortuin, Egbert
"Syntactic theory has been dominated in the last decades by theories that disregard semantics in their approach to syntax. Presenting a truly semantic approach to syntax, this book takes as its primary starting point the idea that syntax deals with the relations between meanings expressed by form-meaning elements and that the same types of relations can be found cross-linguistically. The theory provides a way to formalize the syntactic relations between meanings so that each fragment of grammar can be analyzed in a clear-cut way. A comprehensive introduction into the theoretical concepts of the theory is provided, with analyzes of numerous examples in English and various other languages, European and non-European, to illustrate the concepts. The theory discussed will enable linguists to look for similarities between languages, while at the same time acknowledging important language specific features."
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019
415.01 FOR u
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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