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"The paper's objectives are to detail the new and dynamic aspects of knowledge based offshore outsourcing that is rapidly developing in Asia. While manufacturing continues to form the basis of East Asian economic dynamism, offshore outsourcing, with India as the leading participant , is knowledge based and engulfs any service or work that can be sent through the whire...."

"The writer argues, from the ne-instutionalist perspective, that cooperation in the Asia-Pacific should be harnessed towards the attaiment of a negotiated regime...."

"Regionalisme merupakan konsep yang sering ditemukan dalam studi ilmu hubungan internasional. Konsep ini berkaitan erat dengan kerja sama sejumlah negara guna mencapai sebuah tingkat kedekatan sebagai suatu kawasan. Asia Timur merupakan salah satu kawasan yang tengah melangsungkan proses regionalisme semenjak tahun 1990-an. Tulisan ini merupakan tinjauan literatur yang bertujuan untuk memetakan literatur- literatur akademik mengenai regionalisme Asia Timur. Pemetaan mencakupi 31 literatur yang dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga tema dengan menggunakan metode taksonomi. Ketiga tema tersebut, antara lain: (1) karakteristik regionalisme Asia Timur; (2) upaya membangun regionalisme Asia Timur; dan (3) perkembangan regionalisme Asia Timur. Setelah melakukan pembacaan terhadap literatur yang dikumpulkan, tulisan ini mengidentifikasi konsensus, perdebatan, dan kesenjangan yang ada di dalam literatur akademik terkait topik regionalisme Asia Timur. Berdasarkan temuan di dalam tinjauan literatur ini, regionalisme Asia Timur tidak akan mengalami peningkatan ke depannya sebagaimana para akademisi memiliki skeptisisme terhadap perkembangan proses regionalisme. Pada bagian akhir dari tulisan ini, penulis memberikan rekomendasi terhadap penelitian selanjutnya terkait dengan topik regionalisme Asia Timur.

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Regionalism is a concept that appears frequently in the study of international relations. This concept is strongly related to the cooperation of several nations in order to reach a degree of regional connectedness. East Asia is one of the regions that has been undergoing a regionalism process since the 1990s. The purpose of this paper is to map academic literature on East Asian regionalism. The mapping covers 31 literatures that are classified into three themes based on taxonomic method. The three themes are: (1) the characteristics of East Asian regionalism; (2) efforts to build East Asian regionalism; and (3) the development of East Asian regionalism. After reading the collected literatures, this paper identifies the consensus, debates, and gaps on the topic of East Asian regionalism. According to the findings of this literature review, East Asian regionalism will not flourish in the future as the scholars are skeptical of the development on the regionalism process. At the end of the paper, the author provide recommendations for further study on the topic of East Asian regionalism."

"Dalam menghadapi isu pengungsi, Asia Tenggara tidak memiliki kerangka hukum dalam organisasi kawasan dan persisten dalam menolak norma-norma tentang perlindungan pengungsi. Kondisi ini yang mendorong kemunculan Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network (APRRN) sebagai jejaring transnasional yang dapat berperan dalam politik global mewakili kepentingan pengungsi. Banyak literatur yang menggambarkan signifikansi APRRN sebagai champion organisasi yang menangani pengusi di kawasan Asia Pasifik seperti Kneebone (2014), Taylor (2016), Nah (2016), Choi (2019; 2022). Hal senada tergambar dalam APRRN Annual Report dan Positive Practice in Refugee Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region. Sayangnya, dalam literatur dan dokumen resmi tersebut, capaian APRRN di Asia Tenggara bersifat insidental dan hanya ada pada kategori Partnerships for Supportive Operating Environment. Berbeda dengan capaian APRRN di kawasan lain di Asia Pasifik yang berhasil mendorong solusi jangka panjang bagi perlindungan pengungsi (durable solution). Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mempertanyakan “Mengapa APRRN-sebagai sebuah jejaring transnasional-tidak berperan signifikan dalam upaya advokasi perlindungan pengungsi di Asia Tenggara?”. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisis process tracing, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tidak signifikannya peranan APRRN tersebut disebabkan oleh tiga faktor, yaitu: kompleksitas rezim, kelemahan tata kelola internal dan perubahan orientasi strategi. Ketiga faktor tersebut berada pada dimensi yang berbeda namun saling mempengaruhi.

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Facing the issue of refugees, Southeast Asia lacks a regional legal framework and persistently rejects norms regarding refugee protection. This condition has led to the emergence of the Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network (APRRN) as a transnational network that can play a role in global politics, representing refugees voice. Many studies describe the significance of APRRN as a champion organization addressing the refugee issue in the Asia Pacific region, such as Kneebone (2014), Taylor (2016), Nah (2016), Choi (2019; 2022). Similar views are reflected in the APRRN Annual Report and Positive Practice in Refugee Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region. However, unfortunately, in the literature and official documents, APRRN's achievements in Southeast Asia are incidental and only fall under the category of Partnerships for Supportive Operating Environment. This is in contrast to other region’s achievement in the Asia Pacific that have succeeded in promoting long-term solutions for refugee protection (durable solutions). Therefore, this research questions, "Why does APRRN, as a transnational network, not play a significant role in advocating for refugee protection in Southeast Asia?" Using a qualitative approach and process tracing analysis method, this study finds that the insignificance of APRRN's role is due to three factors: regime complexity, internal governance weaknesses, and shifting strategies employed. These three factors exist in different dimensions but interconnected influence each other."

"The aims of this paper is to analyze significant trends which collectivelly have enough potential to transform the image of world order shaped through the globalization debates of 90s, by using Hardt and Negri's work (Hardt and Negri, 2000) as a base point...."

"Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memahami pandangan akademis terkait kondisi dan perkembangan regionalisme keamanan di Asia Tengah pasca-Perang Dingin. Literatur-literatur yang ditinjau terorganisasi dalam lima periodisasi, yakni 1991-1997, 1997-2001, 2001-2004, 2004-2011, dan 2011-2016. Sejak berakhirnya Perang Dingin, negara-negara internal kawasan harus mengelola keamanan regional secara mandiri. Regionalisme keamanan dianggap sebagai solusi yang memungkinkan atas isu-isu keamanan di kawasan tersebut. Meski demikian, para cendekiawan menganggap perkembangan regionalisme keamanan di Asia Tengah terhambat bahkan hingga saat ini. Penyebabnya berasal dari negara-negara internal dan eksternal kawasan. Di satu sisi, negara-negara internal memprioritaskan hubungan bilateral dan pemenuhan kepentingan domestik daripada integrasi regional. Di sisi lain, kuatnya kepentingan dan pengaruh aktor-aktor eksternal mdash;mulai dari Rusia, Tiongkok, Amerika Serikat, hingga beberapa organisasi multilateral mdash;semakin menghalangi penguatan regionalisme keamanan. Potensi persaingan antarnegara eksternal juga menambah kerumitan karena negara-negara internal masih akan memihak pada Rusia demi menjaga status quo kawasan dan keamanan masing-masing. Akibatnya, regionalisme keamanan cenderung semakin tersisihkan dari agenda keamanan kawasan.

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This paper aims to understand the academic views regarding the condition and development of security regionalism in the post Cold War Central Asia. The reviewed literature is organized into five periodizations, which are 1991 1997, 1997 2001, 2001 2004, 2004 2011, and 2011 2016. Since the end of the Cold War, the region rsquo s internal states have to manage their regional security independently. Security regionalism was seen as a possible solution for the security issues in the region. However, scholars have perceived that the development of security regionalism in Central Asia is hindered even until now. The causes were rooted from the internal and external states. On one hand, internal states have been prioritizing on bilateral relations and the fulfillment of domestic interests instead of regional integration. On the other hand, strong influence and interests of external actors mdash namely Russia, China, United States, and some multilateral organizations mdash further impede the reinforcement of security regionalism. The likelihood of rivalries between external states also heightens the complexity because internal states will still side with Russia in order to maintain the region rsquo s status quo and their own security. As a consequence, the security regionalism gets even more sidelined from the region rsquo s security agenda."