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"Aloe vera memiliki sifat antibakteri karena kandungan senyawa fenolnya. Porphyromonas gingivalis merupakan agen penyebab dominan pada penyakit periodontal. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menguji efek antibakteri infusum daging Aloe vera terhadap Porphyromonas gingivalis (in vitro). Dilakukan ekstraksi dengan metode maserasi dan infundasi untuk menarik senyawa aktif antibakteri dalam Aloe vera. Uji antibakteri dilakukan melalui metode dilusi (KHM dan KBM) dan difusi (zona hambat). Infusum daging Aloe vera terbukti mengandung senyawa fenol dan tanin. Hasil metode dilusi menunjukkan nilai KHM sebesar 80% dan nilai KBM tidak dapat ditentukan. Hasil metode difusi menunjukkan zona hambat tertinggi sebesar 1,75 mm pada konsentrasi 50% dan 90%. Kesimpulan, infusum daging lidah buaya hanya memiliki sifat bakteriostatik terhadap Porphyromonas gingivalis strain standar ATCC 33277, in vitro.

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Aloe vera has been known to possess antibacterial properties because of its phenolic compound. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a dominant etiological agent of periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to examine the antibacterial effect of Aloe vera leaf pulp on rphyromonas gingivalis (in vitro). Extraction of Aloe vera was performed using maceration and infusion method to attract antibacterial active compounds in Aloe vera. The antibacterial test was carried out by applying dilution technique (MIC and MBC values) and diffusion technique (inhibitory zones). Aloe vera leaf pulp infuse revealed the presence of phenol and tannin. The result of dilution method showed that MIC value was at 80% concentration and MBC value could not be determined. The largest inhibitory zone resulting from diffusion method was 1,75 mm at 50% and 90% concentrations. Conclusion, Aloe vera leaf pulp infuse has only bacteriostatic effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis standard strain ATCC 33277, invitro."

"Porphyromonas gingivalis dalam plak gigi merupakan penyebab utama terjadinya penyakit periodontal. Aloe vera memiliki sifat antibakteri karena kandungan senyawa fenol. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menguji efek antibakteri kulit lidah buaya terhadap Porphyromonas gingivalis dengan metode ekstraksi terpilih. Dilakukan ekstraksi dengan metode maserasi dan infundasi untuk menarik senyawa aktif antibakteri. Uji antibakteri terhadap Porphyromonas gingivalis dilakukan dengan metode dilusi (KHM dan KBM) dan metode difusi (zona hambatan). Hasil metode dilusi menunjukkan nilai KHM dan KBM pada konsentrasi 70%. Sedangkan, metode difusi menunjukkan zona hambat tertinggi sebesar 2.25 mm pada konsentrasi 80%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa infusum kulit Aloe vera mengandung senyawa fenol, tanin, dan antrakuinon serta memiliki efek bakteriostatik dan bakterisidal terhadap Porphyromonas gingivalis secara in vitro.Porphyromonas gingivalis in dental plaque has been the primary cause of periodontal disease. Aloe vera has antibacterial properties because of its active compounds such as phenol. The aim of this study was to examine antibacterial effects of Aloe vera rind on Porphyromonas gingivalis using the chosen method. It was performed by doing xtraction with maceration and infusion methods to attract antibacterial active compounds. Antibacterial tests on Porphyromonas gingivalis were carried out using dilution (MIC and MBC)) and diffusion (inhibition zone) methods. The result of the dilution method showed MIC and MBC values at 70% concentration while the diffusion method showed the highest inhibition zone of 2.25 mm at 80% concentration. Hence, Aloe vera rind infuse revealed the presence of phenol, tannin, and anthraquinon and along with bacteriostatic and bacterisidal effects on Porphyromonas gingivalis, in vitro."

"Porphyromonas gingivalis merupakan bakteri penyebab penyakit periodontal. Aloe vera memiliki khasiat antibakteri karena kandungan senyawa fenol. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas antibakteri Aloe vera terhadap Porphyromonas gingivalis. Dilakukan metode ekstraksi maserasi dan infundasi terhadap Aloe vera untuk menarik senyawa aktif antibakteri. Uji antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode dilusi (KHM dan KBM) dan difusi (zona hambat).Hasil metode dilusi menunjukkan nilai KHM sebesar 70% dan tidak terdapat nilai KBM. Sedangkan, metode difusi menunjukkan zona hambat tertinggi sebesar 1,75 mm pada konsentrasi 90%. Kesimpulan, infusum lidah buaya mengandung senyawa aktif fenol, tanin dan antrakuinon serta memiliki sifat bakteriostatik dan tidak bersifat bakterisidal terhadap Porphyromonas gingivalis secara in vitro.

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Porphyromonas gingivalis is the main etiologic agent of periodontal disease. Aloe vera has antibacterial effect because of its phenolic compound. The aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial effectivity of Aloe vera on Porphyromonas gingivalis. The study was performed by extracting Aloe vera using maceration and infusion extraction methods in order to attract the antibacterial active compounds. The test method of the antibacterial effect was carried out by dilution method (MIC and MBC) and diffusion method (inhibition zone).The results of dilution method showed that MIC value was at 70% concentration while MBC value could not be determined. The largest inhibition zone of the diffusion method was 1,75 mm at 90% concentration. In summary, Aloe vera infuse contained antibacterial active compounds such as phenol, tannin and anthraquinone and showed bacteriostatic effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis, in vitro."

"Daging buah Avokad mengandung senyawa fenol (flavonoid, tannin), dan alkaloid yang secara teoritis dikatakan memiliki efek antibakteri.Tujuan: Mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Metode: Ekstrak daging buah Avokad diekstraksi dengan metode infundasi, kemudian dibuat menjadi 4 konsentrasi yaitu 80%, 90%, 95%, dan 100%. Ekstrak tersebut lalu diujicobakan kepada Streptococcus mutans yang diisolasi dari saliva 20 mahasiswa FKG UI. Efek antibakteri diuji dengan menggunakan metode difusi dan pengenceran, yang ditujukan untuk menentukan diameter zona hambatan, kadar hambat minimum (KHM) dan kadar bunuh minimum (KBM).Hasil: Nilai mean diameter zona hambatan yang dihasilkan ekstrak daging buah Avokad, yaitu: konsentrasi 80%: 1,368 mm; 90%: 1,391 mm; 95%: 1,171 mm; 100%: 1,800 mm. Ekstrak daging buah Avokad tidak memberikan nilai KHM dan KBM.Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini, efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad belum terbukti efektif terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Saran: Dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad menggunakan metode ekstraksi berbeda.

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Nowadays, traditional plants are becoming more often to be used as an

alternative choice for healing mouth diseases, including tootache. One of them is Persea americana, which is known as Avocado, that is used to heal tootache. Avocado fruit contains phenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, and tannin which are studied having an antibacterial effect.

Objective: To determine the antibacterial effect of Avocado fruit extract on Streptococcus mutans.

Method: The bacteria used in this experiment was identified from 20 dental students in University of Indonesia. The experiment used infundasion method to extract the fruit. The extract concentration tested were 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%. The test method of the antibacterial effect were diffusion and dillution method, which were used to determine the inhibition zone, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal oncentration (MBC).

Result: The inhibition zone of Avocado fruit extract were 80% concentration: 1,368 mm, 90%: 1,391 mm, 95%: 1,171 mm, 100%: 1,800 mm. Avocado fruit extract did not have MIC and MBC values.

Conclusion: On this research, Avocado fruit extract (infundasion method) had not been proven effective to give an antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans.

Suggestion: The next research will be about the antibacterial effect of Avocado fruit extract using a different extraction method."

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit periodontal merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut utama di Indonesia, dengan prevalensi sebesar 74,1% pada tahun 2018. Salah satu penyebab utama dari periodontitis merupakan akumulasi biofilm yang mengalami pematangan menjadi plak di daerah permukaan gigi, khususnya subgingiva yang kaya akan bakteri anaerobik seperti Porphyromonas gingivalis dan Treponema denticola. Maka dari itu, perlu dilakukan tindakan pencegahan dalam menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Hingga saat ini, agen antiplak gold standard di bidang kedokteran gigi ialah Chlorhexidine 0,2%. Namun, penggunaan Chlorhexidine dalam jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan beberapa efek samping. Oleh karena itu, dicarilah alternatif dari Chlorhexidine sebagai agen antibakteri—salah satunya yaitu kulit semangka. Kulit semangka merupakan bagian buah semangka yang tinggi akan zat fitokimia yang memiliki kemampuan antibakteri, seperti saponin, tanin, alkanoid, flavonoid, dan terpenoid, namun khasiatnya belum banyak diteliti di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengetahui dan menganalisa aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit semangka (Citrullus lanatus) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan serta membunuh bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis dan Treponema denticola, dan membandingkannya dengan kemampuan antibakteri gold standard anti-plaque agent yaitu Chlorhexidine 0,2%. Metode: aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit semangka terhadap bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277) dan Treponema denticola (ATCC 35405) diamati melalui uji Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) dengan mengukur Optical Density dari sampel menggunakan microplate reader dan uji Kadar Bunuh Minimum (KBM) dengan mengukur secara visual koloni bakteri yang terbentuk setelah dipaparkan ekstrak dengan konsentrasi 30%, 20%, dan 10%. Selanjutnya hasil dioleh secara statistik. Hasil: Ekstrak kulit semangka (Citrullus lanatus) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan serta membunuh koloni bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis dan Treponema denticola dengan nilai KHM 10% dan KBM 10%. Uji komparatif secara statistik dengan uji One-Way Anova menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit semangka (Citrullus lanatus) dengan Chlorhexidine 0,2%. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak kulit semangka (Citrullus lanatus) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan serta membunuh koloni bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis dan Treponema denticola sehingga dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai alternatif agen antibakteri untuk mencegah penyakit periodontal.

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Background: Periodontal disease is one of the main oral and dental health diseases in Indonesia, with a prevalence of 74,1% in 2018. The etiology of periodontal disease is multifactorial. One of the main causes is the accumulation of dental biofilm which matures, forming plaque on tooth surfaces, particularly the subgingival area that has an abundance of anaerobic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. Hence, preventive measures has to be implemented in order to preserve oral and dental health. One way to do so is by regular usage of oral rinses. Chlorhexidine 0,2% is considered to be the gold-standard antiplaque agent in today’s dental field. However, long-term use of Chlorhexidine may lead to several side effects. As a result, researchers have begun looking for alternatives to Chlorhexidine as an antibacterial and antiplaque agent—one of which is watermelon peel. Watermelon peel is rich in phytochemicals which possess antibacterial properties, such as saponin, tannin, alkanoid, flavonoid, and terpenoid; however, its benefits have not been studied much in Indonesia.

Goal: To analyze the antibacterial activity of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) peel extract in preventing the growth and eliminating bacteria colonies of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola as well as comparing them to the antibacterial activity of Chlorhexidine 0,2% as gold standard.

Method: the antibacterial activity of watermelon peel extract against the bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and Treponema denticola (ATCC 35405) is observed through the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test by measuring the Optical Density (OD) of the studied samples through a microplate reader, as well as the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) test by visually counting the number of colonies formed after being exposed to the extracts at 30%, 20%, and 10% concentration. Afterwards, the data collected is statistically.

Results: Watermelon peel extract is capable of inhibiting as well as eliminating bacterial colonies of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola with MIC score of 10% and MBC score of 10%. Statistical comparative test reveals that there’s no significant difference between the antibacterial activity of all sample groups of watermelon peel extract and Chlorhexidine 0,2%.

Conclusion: Watermelon peel extract can inhibit the growth as well as eliminate bacterial colonies of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola, which makes it a considerable alternative as antibacterial agent in order to prevent periodontal diseases.

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"Resistansi antibiotik merupakan masalah besar di dunia kesehatan karena mikroba memiliki kemampuan menjadi kebal terhadap antibiotik. Racun lebah madu mengandung berbagai komponen penyusun yang terdiri dari peptida, enzim, dan molekul lainnya. Melittin sebagai komponen penyusun utama racun diketahui memiliki kemampuan membuat lubang pori-pori pada membran lipid. PLA2 yang terkandung dalam racun banyak hewan juga diketahui memiliki kemampuan menghidrolisis dinding fosfolipid. Kemampuan bioaktif ini diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatif pengobatan infeksi bakteri, sehingga pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji aktivitas antibakteri dari bioaktif racun lebah madu Apis cerana. Proses pemanenan racun dilakukan menggunakan metode kejutan listrik sehingga lebah mensekresikan racunnya dan dilanjutkan dengan pemurnian menggunakan fast protein liquid chromatography. Ekstrak protein yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan metode SDS-PAGE; uji Lowry; dan uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode disk diffusion. Strain bakteri yang digunakan yaitu Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus, dan Escherichia coli yang mewakili masing-masing bakteri gram positif dan gram negatif. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan nilai rata-rata inhibisi sebesar 7.76 mm pada bioaktif PLA2 dengan konsentrasi 45 µg/ml terhadap bakteri E.coli. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa PLA2 pada racun lebah madu Apis cerana di Indonesia memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai alternatif pengobatan infeksi bakteri yang sudah mulai resisten terhadap antibiotik konvensional saat ini.

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Antibiotic resistance is a global public health issue because of microbes ability to resist antibiotic. Honey bee venom contain various constituent components consisting of peptides, enzymes, and other molecules. Melittin as the main constituent component of bee venom is known to have the ability to form pores on lipid membrane. PLA2 which also a constituent component of various animal venom is known to have the ability to hydrolyze phospholipid membrane. The ability of these bioactives are expected to be an alternative for curing microbes infection, so antibacterial activity test is conducted in this study. Venom harvesting process is carried out using an electric shock method and protein purification using Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography method. The extract obtained are analyzed by SDS-PAGE; Lowry assay; and antibacterial activity test using disk diffusion method. Gram positive bacteria Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus, and gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli are used in this antibacterial test. In this study, the average inhibition value of 45 µg/ml PLA2 is 7.76 mm to E.coli. This result shows that Indonesian Apis cerana has antibacterial effect and has a potential to be developed as an alternative treatment for microbes infection that started to become resistant to present antibiotics."