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"Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences, which are assumed to have an evolutionary relationship. Because three or more sequences of biologically relevant length can be difficult and are almost always time-consuming to align by hand, computational algorithm are used to produce and analyze the alignments. Computational algorithm can be constructed by transforming multiple sequence alignment problems into graph problems. The problem of finding anoptimal alignment turns into finding a gapped trace of a gapped extended alignment graph. However, this process is difficult to be done manually. Hence, we study the properties of a gapped trace and using these properties to build a general integer linear programming formulation for MSA problem."

"This second edition includes two new chapters: one on domination in graphs and the other on the spectral properties of graphs, the latter including a discussion on graph energy. The chapter on graph colorings has been enlarged, covering additional topics such as homomorphisms and colorings and the uniqueness of the Mycielskian up to isomorphism. This book also introduces several interesting topics such as Dirac's theorem on k-connected graphs, Harary-Nashwilliam's theorem on the hamiltonicity of line graphs, Toida-McKee's characterization of Eulerian graphs, the Tutte matrix of a graph, Fournier's proof of Kuratowski's theorem on planar graphs, the proof of the nonhamiltonicity of the Tutte graph on 46 vertices, and a concrete application of triangulated graphs."

"Misalkan G= V,E adalah suatu graf dengan V adalah himpunan simpul dan E adalah himpunan busur. Pewarnaan busur sejati dari sebuah graf G merupakan pemberian warna pada busur-busur di G, satu warna untuk masing-masing busur, dan untuk setiap dua busur bertetangga diberikan warna yang berbeda. Pewarnaan busur optimal merupakan pewarnaan busur sejati dengan menggunakan warna sebanyak bilangan kromatik busur graf. Pada graf yang diwarnai busurnya dapat diperoleh lintasan pelangi atau lingkaran pelangi, yaitu lintasan atau lingkaran dengan seluruh busurnya memiliki warna yang berbeda. Skripsi ini meneliti bagaimana aturan pewarnaan busur optimal diberikan pada graf kipas dan graf roda sehingga diperoleh lingkaran pelangi dengan panjang 3 sampai dengan n.

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Let G V,E be a graph with V is a set of vertices and E is a set of edges. A proper edge coloring of graph is assignment of colors to the edges of G, one color to each edge, and for two adjacent edges given different colors. An optimal edge coloring is proper edge coloring that use number of color as many as graph s edge chromatic number. On edge colored graph can be obtained rainbow path or rainbow cycle, that is path or cycle whose all edges have different colors. This undergraduate thesis provide optimal edge coloring rules that can be given to fan graph and wheel graph such that there will be rainbow cycles with length 3 up to n."