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"Pemutihan gigi dilakukan untuk gigi yang mengalami diskolorasi menggunakan hidrogen peroksida. Salah satu teknik dalam pemutihan gigi adalah at-home bleaching. Aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi juga dapat dilakukan pada gigi yang telah ditumpat dengan resin komposit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh lama aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 6% terhadap kekerasan resin komposit hibrid. Penelitian ini menggunakan 30 spesimen yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu 10 spesimen kontrol, 10 spesimen yang diaplikasi bahan pemutih gigi selama 4 jam dan 10 spesimen yang diaplikasi bahan pemutih gigi selama 8 jam. Aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi dilakukan selama 4 hari. Pengukuran kekerasan dilakukan per hari menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan perbedaan penurunan kekerasan berdasarkan lama aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi. Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan penurunan kekerasan bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 6% dapat digunakan pada pasien dengan tumpatan resin komposit hibrid dengan aplikasi 4 jam selama 1 hari.

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Dental bleaching is one of treatment for discoloured teeth using hydrogen peroxide. One of dental bleaching method is at-home bleaching. Application of bleaching agent is also applied on the tooth that has been restorated with dental composite resin. The purpose of this research is to analyse the effect of different time of 6% hydrogen peroxide application to the surface hardness of hybrid composite resin. In this research 30 specimens hybrid composite resin were divided into 3 groups of specimen. These are 10 specimens as control group, 10 specimens applied with bleaching agent for 4 hours and 10 specimens applied with bleaching agent for 8 hours each day for 4 days. Measurement with Knoop Hardness Tester has been done each day.The result of this research is the surface hardness value of hybrid composite resin was decreased significantly after the application of bleaching agent 6% hydrogen peroxide according to time of application. But there?s no significantly differences compared to control group. The conclusion is bleaching agent that contain 6% hydrogen peroxide can be used for patient with hybrid composite resin in 4 hour application for one day."

"Latar Belakang: Aplikasi bahan internal bleaching dapat meninggalkan residu radikal bebas yang akan menghambat penetrasi resin tag. Penghilangan residu radikal bebas dapat dilakukan dengan pengaplikasian bahan antioksidan berupa natrium askorbat. Pemberian natrium askorbat dapat mencegah timbulnya terminasi dini, sehingga dapat memungkinkan proses polimerisasi resin adhesif dapat berlanjut. Penggunaan konsentrasi natrium askorbat yang sebanding dengan konsentrasi hidrogen peroksida diharapkan dapat menghilangkan residu radikal bebas sehingga nantinya dapat meningkatkan resistensi resin komposit yang dilihat melalui kedalaman panjang penetrasi resin tag. Tujuan: mengetahui kedalaman panjang penetrasi resin tag pada dentin gigi pasca internal bleaching dengan hidrogen peroksida yang diaplikasikan natrium askorbat 10% dan 35% selama 2 menit dan 10 menit. Metode: proses internal bleaching dilakukan dengan menggunakan hidrogen peroksida 35% selama 5 hari. Selanjutnya, dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok uji yaitu tanpa pemberian natrium askorbat, diberikan askorbat 10% selama 2 menit, diberikan natrium askorbat 10% selama 10 menit, diberikan natrium askorbat 35% selama 2 menit, dan diberikan natrium askorbat 35% selama 10 menit. Pengamatan kedalam penetrasi resin tag dilakukan dengan menggunakan Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). Hasil: terdapat perbedaan kedalaman penetrasi resin tag pada gigi pasca internal bleaching yang diberikan bahan antioksidan berupa natrium askorbat dan tanpa antioksidan, diuji dengan menggunakan CLSM. Kesimpulan: pemberian bahan antioksidan berupa natrium askorbat dapat memengaruhi kedalaman penetrasi resin tag pada gigi pasca internal bleaching.

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Background: The application of internal bleaching materials can leave free radical residues that will inhibit the penetration of resin tags. Application of sodium ascorbate as antioxidant agent will remove the residual free radical. Sodium ascorbate can prevent premature termination, thus allowing the adhesive resin polymerization process to continue. Concentration of sodium ascorbate should be proportional to the hydrogen peroxide concentration so that will remove free radical residues and it can increase the composite resin resistance as seen through the depth of penetration length of the resin tag.

Objective: determine the depth of penetration length of resin tags on dentin after internal bleaching with hydrogen peroxide which was applied with 10% and 35% sodium ascorbate for 2 minutes and 10 minutes.

Methods: the internal bleaching process was carried out using 35% hydrogen peroxide for 5 days. Furthermore, the specimen divided into 5 test groups, without sodium ascorbate, 10% sodium ascorbate for 2 minutes, 10% sodium ascorbate for 10 minutes, 35% sodium ascorbate for 2 minutes, and 35% sodium ascorbate for 10 minutes. Observations into the resin tag penetration were carried out using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM).

Results: there were differences in the depth of penetration of resin tags on teeth after internal bleaching which was given an sodium ascorbate and without sodium ascorbate, tested using CLSM.

Conclusion: application of sodium ascorbate can affect the depth of penetration of resin tags on teeth after internal bleaching."

"Nowadays the use of over the counter (OTC) bleaching material become more popular. The most common composition of this OTC material is mainly carbamide peroxyde and hydrogen peroxyde in various concentration. There many methods for using carbamide peroxyde as bleaching material, such as spray, gel tray or applicable solution, etc. According to the using methods, the possibility contamination between the material and oral mucous membrane is very high. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of 2% carbamide peroxyde solution on oral mucous membrane. Materials and method : 30 rats of wistar strain divided to 2 groups, the control group consist of 10 rats, and experimental group of 20 rats. The animal of control group received application on their labial vestibulum with aquadest, while for the experimental group applicated with 2% carbamide peroxyde solution. The applications were done for 1 minute, 3 times daily with 10 minutes interval periods. 5 rats of the control group and 10 of the experimental group were killed by epidural anaesthetic after 1 day application. The rest animals were killed after 3 days application. Inferior labia then taken as the specimen, fixated using formaldehyde and processed for microscopic slides stained with HE. Microscopic analyze were done using modified inflammation scoring system developed by Eda & Fukuyama. Statistical analyze shows that there are significant differences of the experimental group inflammation compare to control group, both for 1 day and 3 days application. However there are no differences of oral mucous inflammation between 1 day and 3 days application for both control and experimental groups. Based on this research's result, it can be concluded that bleaching material contain carbamide peroxyde can caused oral mucous inflammation."

"Latar Belakang: Teknik internal bleaching kontemporer menggunakan hydrogen peroksida yang diaplikasikan pada kamar pulpa gigi nonvital. Prosedur internal bleaching dengan hydrogen peroksida 35% dapat meninggalkan residu radikal bebas pada struktur gigi yang akan menganggu kekerasan mikro dentin. Teh hijau sebagai antioksidan dapat menghilangkan residu radikal bebas dan meningkatkan kekerasan mikro dentin. Tujuan: mengetahui kekerasan mikro dentin pada gigi pasca internal bleaching dengan hydrogen peroksida yang diaplikasikan teh hijau 10% dan 35% selama 2 menit. Metode: Prosedur internal bleaching dilakukan pada 25 gigi premolar atas yang dipotong menjadi dua bagian mesio-distal, kemudian sampel dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok. Kelompok 1 tanpa bleaching dan tanpa aplikasi teh hijau, kelompok 2 pasca bleaching tanpa aplikasi teh hijau, kelompok 3 pasca bleaching tunda 2 minggu, kelompok 4 pasca bleaching aplikasi teh hijau 10% selama 2 menit, kelompok 5 pasca bleaching aplikasi teh hijau 35% selama 2 menit. Semua kelompok kemudian dilakukan uji kekerasan mikro dentin dengan alat Vicker Hardness Machine Test. Data yang diperoleh dianalisa secara statistik dengan ANOVA satu jalur dan uji Post Hoc Bonferroni. Hasil: Hasil uji Bonferroni menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna kekerasan mikro dentin pada kelompok 1 dan 2; kelompok 1 dan 3; kelompok 2 dan 4; dan kelompok 2 dan 5. Sedangkan antara kelompok 1 dan 5, kelompok 3 dan 4 tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna. Kesimpulan: Aplikasi teh hijau 35% selama 2 menit cukup untuk meningkatkan kekerasan mikro dentin pada gigi pasca internal bleaching dengan hydrogen peroksida 35%.

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Background: Contemporary bleaching technique involve the use of hydrogen peroxide which can be applied internally in the pulp chamber, in a procedure that can be used only for nonvital teeth. Internal bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide will produce free radical residues within the tooth structure and microhardness dentin. Green tea as an antioxidant can remove free radical residues and increase microhardness dentin. Objective: To examine the effect of 10% and 35% green tea application on the microhardness dentin after internal bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide. Methods: Internal bleaching procedure was performed on 25 maxillary premolars, then the sample were divided into 5 group. Group 1 without bleaching and antioxidant, group 2 bleaching and without antioxidant, group 3 bleaching and delayed 2 weeks, group 4 bleaching and application greean tea 10% for 2 minutes, and group 5 bleaching and application green tea 35% for 2 minutes. All group were tested for microhardness dentin with Vickers Hardness Machine Test. The data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni Post Hoc Test. Result: The result showed that there were statistical differences between groups 1 and 2; groups 1 and 3; groups 2 and 4; and groups 2 and 5. Meanwhile between groups 1 and 5; and groups 3 and 4 there was no significant difference. Conclusion: Application of 35% green tea for 2 minutes increased the microhardness dentin after internal bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide."

"Pemutihan gigi kini menjadi pilihan untuk mengembalikan warna gigi yang mengalami diskolorasi. Salah satu teknik pemutihan gigi yang menjadi pilihan adalah teknik pemutihan gigi in-office yang dilakukan oleh dokter gigi. Namun pada praktiknya, aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi tidak hanya mengenai jaringan gigi yang sehat tapi juga jaringan gigi yang mengalami tumpatan, contohnya tumpatan sewarna gigi resin komposit. Untuk memaksimalkan kegunaan dari resin komposit, bahan ini haruslah halus, karena permukaan yang kasar dapat menjadi tempat retensi plak, mengiritasi gingiva dan juga mengurangi kenyamanan pasien.Tujuan : Mengetahui adanya pengaruh aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% terhadap kekasaran resin komposit hibrid. Material dan Metode :20 spesimen resin komposit berdiameter 6mm dan tebal 3mm dibuat secara inkremental dan dipolimerasi menggunakan sinar halogen selama 30 detik. Spesimen dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu kelompok aplikasi sebanyak 10 spesimen yang diberi aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% selama 30 menit dan dilanjutkan sampai 60 menit. Sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya direndam dalam aquabides selama 30 menit dan dilanjutkan sampai 60 menit.Hasil : Terjadi peningkatan nilai kekasaran permukaan resin komposit hidrid setelah aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% baik selama 30 menit maupun 60 menit.Kesimpulan : Bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% dapat meningkatkan nilai kekasaran permukaan resin komposit hibrid. Peningkatan kekasaran ini dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya nilai estetika resin komposit hibrid.

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Bleaching is one of the technique that used to get back the colour of the discolour tooth. One of the bleaching technique than can be use is in-office bleaching that should be applied by the dentist. But, in the fact, bleaching agent not only applied on the healthy tooth but also in a tooth that has been restorated,by resin composite. To optimize the benefit of resin composite, it has to be smooth, because the rough surface of resin composite can increase the plaque retention, irritate the gingiva, and also make the patient uncomfortable.

Objective : To evaluate the effect of 38% hydrogen peroxide ? containing at in-office bleaching agent apllication to the surface roughness of hybrid composite resin. Material and Method: Twenty specimen of hybrid composite resin (6mm diameter & 3mm in thick) were incrementally polimerized by halogen light for 20 seconds. All spesimens were devided into two groups as follow: 10 spesimens were applied with 38% hydrogen peroxide for 30 minutes and continue to 60 minutes. The other group was soak into the aquabidest for 30 minutes and continue to 60 minutes.

Result: The surface roughness (Ra) of hybrid composite resin is increased significantly before and after application of 38% hidrogen peroxide for 30 minutes or 60 minutes.

Conclusions : The in ? office bleaching agent 38% hydrogen peroxide could increase the surface roughness of hybrid composite resin and may be reduce the estetic of hybrid composite resin."

"ABSTRAKPenggunaan serat alam Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) sebagai penguat dalam komposit polimer terus digalakkan sebagai alternatif bahan baku yang murah dan berlimpah. Namun, sifat hidrofilik yang dimiliki oleh serat alam TKKS akibat kandungan lignin dan hemiselulosa menyebabkan TKKS memiliki kompabilitas yang rendah dengan matriks polimer yang digunakan. Proses bleaching merupakan metode modifikasi permukaan yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan sifat hidrofobisitas dari serat TKKS. Potensi penggunaan Hidrogen Peroksida (H2O2­) sebagai bleaching agent dalam larutan alkali menunjukan kemampuan untuk menghilangkan kandungan lignin, hemiselulosa, dan impuritas yang berada pada permukaan serat alam TKKS. Perubahan sifat permukaan TKKS kemudian diteliti menggunakan pengujian sudut kontak dengan metode sessile drop test, SEM, dan FTIR. Tegangan permukaan dari TKKS tanpa perlakuan menunjukan angka 35.18 dynes/cm dan meningkat menjadi 32.33 dynes/cm setelah dilakukan bleaching mengindikasikan adanya peningkatan sifat hidrofobik dari serat TKKS. Selain itu, analisis kuantitatif nilai dispersi menggunakan metode perhitungan statistik skewness ratio dan coefficient of variation menunjukan adanya kecenderungan peningkatan distribusi ukuran serat dari TKKS hasil bleaching. Nilai koefisien variasi yang menurun dari 1.40 menjadi 1.20 setelah perlakuan bleaching menunjukan kondisi distribusi serat TKKS yang lebih seragam. Selain itu, nilai skewness ratio serat TKKS hasil bleaching menunjukan peningkatan nilai dari 1.98 menjadi 2.13 mengindikasikan bahwa serat yang mengalami aglomerasi semakin sedikit. Sedangkan, pada perhitungan Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI), adanya penurunan nilai NNI dari 0.42 pada serat TKKS tanpa perlakuan menjadi 0.32 pada serat hasil perlakuan mengindikasikan meningkatnya kecenderungan serat TKKS untuk mengalami clustering.

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ABSTRACT

The use of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) fibers as reinforcement in polymer composites continues to be promoted as an alternative to man-made fiber because of its inexpensive and abundant quantity. However, the hydrophilic nature of natural OPEFB fibers due to lignin and hemicellulose content causes OPEFB to have low compatibility with the common polymer matrix like polypropylene. Bleaching as a surface modification method is used to improve the of OPEFB fibers. The potential use of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) as a bleaching agent in an alkaline solution shows the ability to eliminate lignin, hemicellulose, and impurities that are present on the surface of the natural OPEFB fibers. Changes in the surface properties of OPEFB are then examined using contact angle testing using sessile drop method, SEM, and FTIR analysis. The surface tension of the OPEFB without treatment shows the number as high as 35.18 dynes/cm and decreases to 32.33 dynes/cm after bleaching treatment, indicates an increase in the nature of the OPEFB fibers. In addition, quantitative analysis of dispersion values ​​using the statistical calculation method of skewness ratio and coefficient of variation showed tendency of increasing uniformity of size distribution on OPEFB fiber after bleaching treatment. The coefficient of variation decreased from 1.40 to 1.20 after the bleaching treatment showed a more uniform condition of the OPEFB fiber size distribution relative to its average size. In addition, the skewness ratio of post-bleaching OPEFB fibers shows an increase in value from 1.98 to 2.13 indicating that the agglomeration of fiber is getting sparse. Whereas, in the calculation of Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI), a decrease in the value of NNI from 0.42 on untreated OPEFB fibers to 0.32 on treated fibers indicates an increase in the tendency of OPEFB fibers to experience clustering.

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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV:294-296

Dental bleaching has been considered as a feasible approach for dental esthetic, and many dental bleaching products can be seen in the market. Therefore, the side effect of a such dental product should be studied. This study was aimed to detemine the effect of carbamide peroxide-containing home bleaching agent on the hardness of dental amalgam surface structure. Forty amalgam filling specimens were divided into 4 groups, which consist of 3 treatment group and 1 control gloups. Each group was exposed to the bleaching agent daily for 2, 4, and 8 hours within 7 days. The Vickers Microhardness Tester, with loads 98.07 mN for 20 seconds, was used to measured the hardeness of amalgam surface. It was revealed that, there was a significant difference between the treatment and the control group on 8 hours period. It was concluded that there was a decrease in hardeness of dertal amalgam surface after having a contact with carbamide peroxide bleaching agent."

"Carbamide peroxide as a whitening agent for teeth is very popular because the use of this agent is easy and inexpensive. There are two kinds of concentrations, i.e. 10%-15% and 35%. The methods are home bleaching and in office bleaching. For home bleaching, the duration of whitening application is 2-6 weeks, each day for 8 hours, whilst for in office leaching, two hour application will be required. Whitening efficacy might be increased up to 2-5 levels and the color may sustain for 1-3 years, and this treatment could be reapplied. There is an effect on pulp system, but the effect is reversible, i.e. sensitivity which could be treated with flouridation or application of potassium nitrate. The side affects on gingiva include inflammation which is caused by the buffer and is only temporary. Bleaching is safe to be use the result will be satisfying if proper procedure is followed."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh hidrogen peroksida 40 terhadap perubahan warna resin komposit nanohibrida oleh larutan teh. Dua puluh spesimen berdiameter 6 mm dan tebal 2 mm dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Setiap kelompok direndam pada larutan teh hijau atau teh hitam selama 7 hari, kemudian di bleaching dan direndam kembali selama 7 hari. Perubahan warna diukur menggunakan colorimeter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna p0,05 antara perubahan warna teh hijau dan teh hitam setelah bleaching. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa hidrogen peroksida 40 mempengaruhi perubahan warna resin komposit nanohibrida.

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This study aims to analyze the influence of 40 hydrogen peroxide on color change of nanohybrid composite resins by tea solution. Twenty specimens, 6 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick were divided into two groups. Each group was immersed in green tea or black tea for 7 days, then bleached and re immersed for 7 days. The color change is measured using a colorimeter. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences p 0.05 between green tea and black tea after bleaching. It can be concluded that 40 Hidrogen Peroxide affects colous change of nanohybrid composite resin."