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"Magnetisasi air sadah yang bertujuan menurunkan kesadahan air merupakan proses fisik guna mencegah terbentuknya kerak (CaCO3) pada sistem perpipaan. Campuran larutan Na2CO3 dan CaCl2 digunakan sebagai model air sadah sintetik guna mengamati pengaruh medan magnet terhadap pembentukan partikel CaCO3 dalam air sadah. Variabel proses meliputi waktu magnetisasi, kuat medan, dan konsentrasi larutan, sementara parameter yang akan diamati adalah jumlah deposit CaCO3, jumlah presipitasi total CaCO3, dan morfologi deposit CaCO3. Perbandingan parameter pengamatan dilakukan terhadap sampel yang dimagnetisasi dan sampel non-magnetisasi. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan laju pembentukan deposit dan presipitasi total CaCO3 pada sampel yang dimagnetisasi dibanding sampel non-magnetisasi. Peningkatan konsentrasi sampel larutan juga meningkatkan persentase kenaikan deposit yang terbentuk dengan adanya pengaruh medan magnet. Hasil foto mikroskop menunjukkan jumlah partikel CaCO3 yang terbentuk pada sampel yang dimagnetisasi lebih banyak dan ukuran partikelnya lebih kecil dan disertai adanya pembentukan agregat. Hasil uji XRD menunjukkan hanya kristal kalsit yang dominan. Namun demikian, terlihat adanya penurunan intensitas puncak kalsit yang cukup signifikan pada sampel yang dimagnetisasi yang menunjukkan adanya penurunan jumlah kristal kalsit dan peningkatan jumlah amorf pada deposit CaCO3 yang terbentuk. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses magnetisasi air sadah mendorong terjadinya penurunan ion Ca2+ dalam larutan akibat adanya peningkatan proses presipitasi total CaCO3.

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Magnetic Field Effects on CaCO3 Precipitation Process in Hard Water. Magnetic treatment is applied as physical water treatment for scale prevention especially CaCO3, from hard water in piping equipment by reducing its hardness. Na2CO3 and CaCl2 solution sample was used in to investigate the magnetic fields influence on the formation of particle of CaCO3. By changing the strength of magnetic fields, exposure time and concentration of samples solution, this study presents quantitative results of total scale deposit, total precipitated CaCO3 and morphology of the deposit. This research was run by comparing magnetically and non-magnetically treated samples. The results showed an increase of deposits formation rate and total number of precipitated CaCO3 of magnetically treated samples. The increase of concentration solution sample will also raised the deposit under magnetic field. Microscope images showed a greater number but smaller size of CaCO3 deposits form in magnetically treated samples, and aggregation during the processes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that magnetically samples were dominated by calcite. But, there was a significant decrease of calcite?s peak intensities from magnetized samples that indicated the decrease of the amount of calcite and an increase of total amorphous of deposits. This result showed that magnetization of hard water leaded to the decreasing of ion Ca2+ due to the increasing of total CaCO3 precipitation process."

"Disertasi ini membahas perilaku presipitasi CaCO3 dalam air sadah di bawah pengaruh medan magnet beserta aplikasinya dalam pengolahan air sadah dan pencegahan kerak. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen bersifat analitik kuantitatif dan disain konsep bersifat deskriptif. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa magnetisasi air sadah mempengaruhi interaksi hidrat ion dan interaksi ion serta presipitasi CaCO3 baik pada sistem fluida statik maupun dinamik. Magnetisasi larutan CaCO3 dengan sistem fluida dinamik meningkatkan presipitasi CaCO3 dengan sifat deposit yang lebih mudah lepas dari dinding. Hasil tersebut dapat menjadi dasar bagi pengembangan sistem pengolahan air sadah dengan proses magnetisasi yang efektif dalam menurunkan kesadahan dan pencegahan kerak pada air sadah.

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CaCO3 precipitation mechanism in hard water under magnetic field and anti-scale magnetic water treatment were comprehensively disccused in this disertation. These are carried out quantitatively by experiment and descriptive conceptual-design research. Results showed that hard water magnetization influences hydrate-ion and inter-ionic interactions as well as CaCO3 precipitation occuring both in static and dynamic fluid systems. Magnetization of CaCO3 solution increases CaCO3 precipitation whose deposit formed is easily removed from wall. The results are expected to become scientific basis for the development of an effective anti-scale magnetic water treatment to reduce the hardness and prevent the scale formation in hard water."

"Disertasi ini membahas perilaku presipitasi CaCO3 dalam air sadah di bawah pengaruh medan magnet beserta aplikasinya dalam pengolahan air sadah dan pencegahan kerak. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen bersifat analitik kuantitatif dan disain konsep bersifat deskriptif. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa magnetisasi air sadah mempengaruhi interaksi hidrat ion dan interaksi ion serta presipitasi CaCO3 baik pada sistem fluida statik maupun dinamik. Magnetisasi larutan CaCO3 dengan sistem fluida dinamik meningkatkan presipitasi CaCO3 dengan sifat deposit yang lebih mudah lepas dari dinding. Hasil tersebut dapat menjadi dasar bagi pengembangan sistem pengolahan air sadah dengan proses magnetisasi yang efektif dalam menurunkan kesadahan dan pencegahan kerak pada air sadah.CaCO3 precipitation mechanism in hard water under magnetic field and anti-scale magnetic water treatment were comprehensively disccused in this disertation. These are carried out quantitatively by experiment and descriptive conceptual-design research. Results showed that hard water magnetization influences hydrate-ion and inter-ionic interactions as well as CaCO3 precipitation occuring both in static and dynamic fluid systems. Magnetization of CaCO3 solution increases CaCO3 precipitation whose deposit formed is easily removed from wall. The results are expected to become scientific basis for the development of an effective anti-scale magnetic water treatment to reduce the hardness and prevent the scale formation in hard water."

"CaCO, scale formation on pipe walls and heat exchange equipments in industrial or domestic water processes is a serious problem. A great number of experimental researches on the prevention ofthe CaCO3 precipitation process by magnetic field have been carried out. The efforts to understand the effect of the magnetic field on the CaCO, precipitation are still being developed In this research, Na2CO, solution was magnetized by 5200 gauss permanent magnet before mired with CaCl2 in quescient condition (static fluid system). Magnetization time was variated to examine its influences to magnetization process. CaCO; content at solution and on deposit was measured by titration method of EDTA complexometry. Conductivity test was conducted to find out hydrate ion bonding. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and XRD (X-Ray diffraction) rest were conducted to see the morphology of CaC O3 crystal deposit. The results showed that magnitization decreases CaCO; precipitation rate at initial precipitation (nucleation period and optimum process reaches for 30 minutes magnetization. The magnetic field depreses precipitation rate but has no eject on the equilibrium of the reaction. Magnetic field increases the conductivities of Na;C.`O_, and CaCl; solution hence reducing its ion hydrate diameter and reinforcing ion hydrate banding. SEM and XRD test results shows that CaCO, crystal formed was predominated by calcite type and magnetization depressed the number of CaCO, crystals and enlarge the crystal size. These results show that magnetization is efective in controlling the CaCO, deposit by supressing CaCO3 precipitation on deposit and in solution."

"Anti scale magnetic treatment is a hard water treatment method using magnetic field to prevent (CaCO3) scale formation. This method has along and controversial history due to its unclear result of its mechanism and effectiveness. The results of researches, hypothesis, or explanations given by researchers were still partial and didn't satistfy yet in answering the magnetic phenomenon. There were three mechanisms which were suggested: ion mechanism. particle mechanism and Lorentz force eject. Hard water contain Ca2+ cations , CO3 anions, and CaCO3, particles. Magnetic field eject on CO3 (ion mechanism) modified hydration of ions which suppressed CaC03 precipitation, whereas magnetization CaCO; particle (particle mechanism) supported particles to attract to each other and increased nucleation rate. Both ion and particle mechanism are clearly showed by using static magnetization system, system where water were static to magnetic field Lorentz force caused ion shift in solution and known as by the magnetohydroidinamic phenomenon that forced nucleation of CaCO3. Lorentz force acts on every ions in hard water when it 's moving through applied magnetic field therefore dynamic magnetization system was needed to investigate this phenomenon. Particle mechanism and Lorentz force effect could increase CaCO, particle formation so that reduced concentration of Ca" ions in bulk solution, in the other hand ion mechanisms with its memory effect on CO3 could suppress CaCO, formation. Magnetization followed by deposition and filtration could increase effectiveness of AMT process."

"ABSTRAKPembentukan deposit kerak CaCO3 oleh air sadah pada sistem perpipaan di industri maupun rumah tangga menimbulkan banyak permasalahan teknis dan ekonomis. Pengolahan air sadah dan pencegahan pembentukan kerak umumnya dilakukan secara kimiawi seperti resin penukar ion dan penambahan inhibitor kerak. Namun, metode ini tidak cukup aman karena dapat mengubah sifat kimia larutan serta investasinya yang besar. Agitasi mekanik merupakan metode alternatif secara fisik untuk mengatasi pembentukan kerak (CaCO3). Campuran larutan NaHCO3 dan CaCl2 digunakan untuk menghitung kandungan ion Ca2+ sebagai indikator terbentunya kerak melalui metode titrasi kompleksometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa agitasi mekanik dapat meningkatkan laju presipitasi CaCO3.

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ABSTRACTCaCO3 deposit formation crust by hard water in piping systems in industrial and household raises many technical and economical problems. Treatment and prevention of hard water scale formation is generally carried out chemically, such as ion exchange resins and the addition of scale inhibitors. However, this method is less secure because it can alter the chemical properties of the solution as well as a great investment. Mechanical agitation is an alternative method to cope physically scaling (CaCO3). Mixture solution between NaHCO3 and CaCl2 are used to calculate the content of Ca2+ ions as an indicator of CaCO3 deposit formation through complexometric titration. The results showed that the mechanical agitation can increase the rate of precipitation of CaCO3."

"Pengaruh gradien medan magnet negatif terhadap nyala api aliran bahan bakar LPG-udara coaxial telah dipelajari untuk memahami interaksinya. Sebuah medan magnet gradien negatif tidak seragam yang dihasilkan oleh elektromagnet dari arus listrik searah 0 hingga 0,25 T diberikan diantara burner. Kecepatan aliran udara dan LPG serta intensitas medan magnet divariasikan untuk diketahui pengaruhnya tehadap karakteristik nyala api. Pengaruh gradien medan magnet negatif terhadap karakteristik nyala api seperti temperatur, tingkat kecerahan, panjang, luas, dan jarak lift-up yang dihasilkan dari proses pembakaran telah dipelajari. Temperatur, panjang nyala api, tingkat kecerahan dan jarak lift-up diketahui terpengaruh oleh laju aliran bahan bakar, udara dan intensitas medan magnet. Sementara itu, luas nyala api cenderung tidak berubah terhadap perubahan medan magnet. Panjang nyala api berkurang seiring dengan bertambahnya laju aliran udara dan intensitas medan magnet. Begitu pula dengan jarak lift-up yang berkurang seiring dengan bertambahnya kuat medan magnet dan bertambah seiring dengan penambahan laju aliran udara. Temperatur dan tingkat kecerahan nyala api meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya gradien medan magnet. Korelasi tinggi nyala api terhadap parameter-parameter yang mempengaruhi diperoleh : 𝑙𝑛(𝐿𝑓𝑑)=−0,0292+ 0,5002 .ln(𝑅𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎)+0,2647 .ln(𝑅𝑒𝑏𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑟)+0,1469 .ln (𝐺𝑟𝑚)

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The effect of a negative gradient magnetic field on LPG-air coaxial flame has been systematically studied to comprehend its interaction. A non-uniform negative gradient magnetic field was produced in the air gap of the burner by an electromagnet which is powered by direct current power supply producing 0 to 0,25 T magnetic field. Magnetic field intensity, air and LPG flow were set in various condition to to understand its effect to flame characteristics. The influence of negative magnetic field gradient to characteristics of the diffusion flame, such as the temperature, brightness, flame length, area and lifted distance produced by the flames have been thoroughly investigated. The flame length, temperature, brightness and lifted distance were found to be influenced by air-LPG flowrate and magnetic field intensity. Meanwhile, the flame area remained constant with the presence of the vertically decreasing gradient magnetic field. The flame length and lift-up distance of the flame reduced when the magnetic field gradient increased. Meanwhile, the flame temperature and brightness increased with the increasing of magnetic field gradient. Correlation between flame length and non dimensional number obtained : 𝑙𝑛(𝐿𝑓𝑑)=−0,0292+ 0,5002 .ln(𝑅𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎)+0,2647 .ln(𝑅𝑒𝑏𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑟)+0,1469 .ln (𝐺𝑟𝑚)"

"Penelitian ini berusaha menjawab seberapa signifikan pengaruh kombinasi proses termal dan agitasi mekanik dalam menurunkan kesadahan air. Kombinasi proses tersebut dilihat pengaruhnya terhadap proses presipitasi CaCO3 pada air sadah sintetis melalui penurunan kandungan ion Ca2+ dalam larutan dan dinyatakan dalam persen presipitasi CaCO3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persen presipitasi CaCO3 meningkat seiring dengan penambahan kecepatan putar dan suhu larutan. Kombinasi kedua proses mampu mendorong presipitasi CaCO3 hingga mencapai 41% dengan kecepatan putar agitasi 1500 rpm pada suhu 50C. Disamping itu, kenaikan konduktivitas larutan NaHCO3 setelah diberi perlakuan, memperkuat dugaan bahwa kedua proses mampu memperlemah hidrat ion dan cluster air dalam larutan sehingga mampu mendorong presipitasi CaCO3.

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This research trying to answer how significant the effect of combination between thermal and mechanical agitation in softening the hard water is. The influence of this method to the precipitation of CaCO3 was observed by measuring Ca2+ ions in the solution of synthetic hard water.

The result of this research shows that the percentage of CaCO3 presipitation increases as rotational speed of agitation and temperature increase. This method could accelerate the CaCO3 precipitation up to 41% when the synthetic hard water was agitated in 1500 rpm, 50C. Besides, the increasing conductivity of NaHCO3 solutions that had been given a treatment could be an indicator that agitation and thermal process weaken the ion hydrate and water cluster."

"Pengaruh radiasi paparan medan magnet perangkat GSM terhadap mahluk hidup sampai saat ini masih menjadi perdebatan. Berbagai penelitian yang telah dilakukan semakin menambah kuat dugaan bahwa pengaruh tersebut memiliki dampak yang negatif terhadap kesehatan.Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji coba untuk melihat pengaruh radiasi paparan medan magnet perangkat GSM terhadap mahluk hidup melalui pengujian hipotesa pada proses penetasan telur ayam kampung sebagai obyek percobaan.Penelitian dilakukan dengan membandingkan hasil akhir dari penetasan dalam kondisi normal dengan penetasan yang dilakukan di bawah pengaruh radiasi paparan medan magnet perangkat GSM. Pemilihan perangkat GSM berdasarkan persentase pemakaiannya di masyarakat dan nilai Specific Absorption Rates (SAR).Penetasan di bawah pengaruh paparan medan magnet dilakukan dengan menetaskan telur ayam kampung pada jarak antara 1-1,5 cm dari perangkat GSM yang sedang melakukan panggilan keluar selama 2 menit waktu pembicaraan berlangsung. Peradiasian dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali yaitu pada pagi, siang, dan sore hari. Proses penetasan ini diulang dengan menggunakan perangkat GSM yang berbeda-beda mewakili besar nilai SAR-nya masing-masing sebanyak 3 kali percobaan dengan sampel sebanyak 100 butir telur untuk setiap percobaan.Dari hasil penelitian terbukti bahwa perangkat-perangkat GSM tersebut masih menghasilkan paparan medan magnet yang mempengaruhi perkembangan mahluk hidup, dimana dengan menilik cacat fisik yang terjadi, paparan medan magnet tersebut menimbulkan akibat yang negatif yaitu terjadinya perubahan susunan protein membran sel yang menyebabkan ketidaknormalan dalam pembentukan organ-organ tulang.

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The Side Effect Experiment of Magnetic Fields of GSM Equipment Shelf Radiation to The Hatchery of Free Range Chicken EggsToday people still arguing about the side effect of magnetic field of GSM equipment to living creatures. Many researches that have been conducted have strengthened the assumption that the influences have negative cause to our health.On this research an experiment execute to see the radiation effect to the changing of membrane protein layer through some hypothesis tests on the hatchery process of free-range chicken egg as the object.The research conduct by comparing the final results of hatchery in normal condition and hatchery under the side effect radiation of GSM equipment. The selection of GSM equipment bases on public using percentage and the SAR value. The hatchery under magnetic fields influences were conduct by hatching the free-range chicken eggs in 1 - 1.5 cm range from the GSM equipment while it was performed outgoing calls for two minutes. The radiation performed as many as three times a day: morning, noon, and at evening. These process repeated by using different GSM equipment represent their SAR value and every type used for three times experiment and having 100 eggs to radiate at each experiment.From this research proved that the GSM equipment still produces magnetic fields which influence the growing of living creatures. By observed carefully the physical defect that happened, the negative side effect of the magnetic field still occur which is changing the cell membrane protein layer that caused abnormality in building bones structure."

"Pengujian efek medan magnet terhadap presipitasi CaCO3 merupakan salah satu topik yang banyak diteliti untuk dapat menjelaskan efektifitas proses Anti-scale Magnetic Treatment (AMT). Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukan pengaruh magnetisasi yang berbeda - beda, baik dari segi efektivitas maupun morfologi kristal yang terbentuk sehingga menimbulkan kontroversi. Beberapa peneliti mendapatkan efek magnetisasi menekan presipitasi CaCO3 dan peneliti lainnya mendapatkan efek magnetisasi mempercepat presipitasi CaCO3. Perbedaan hipotesis ini terjadi karena perbedaan kondisi operasi dan efektivitas magnetisasi. Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan studi yang lebih mendalam tentang efek medan magnet terhadap presipitasi CaCO3. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji pengaruh dari medan magnet terhadap pembentukan partikel dan jenis kristal CaCO3 pada air sadah sintetik (campuran Na2CO3 dan CaCl2 serta NaHCO3 dan CaCl2) baik saat maupun sesudah magnetisasi. Efek magnetisasi dilakukan baik dalam sistem fluida statis (campuran Na2CO3 dan CaCl2) maupun pada fluida dinamis (campuran NaHCO3 dan CaCl2). Pengukuran kandungan CaCO3 dilakukan dengan metode titrasi kompleksometri EDTA. Uji SEM dilakukan untuk mengetahui morfologi kristal yang terbentuk pada dinding permukaan kaca. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa baik pada kondisi fluida statis maupun fluida dinamis, induksi magnet yang diberikan pada saat maupun sesudah magnetisasi berlangsung akan menyebabkan peningkatan persen presipitasi total CaCO3. Setelah sampel magnet pada fluida dinamis mengalami presipitasi selama 2 jam dan proses filtrasi, efek memori magnet akan menyebabkan penekanan laju presipitasi CaCO3. Diduga terjadi mekanisme ion akibat dominasi ion bebas di dalam larutan setelah dilakukan filtrasi. Uji foto SEM pada sistem fluida statis pada sampel magnet dan non magnet menunjukkan bahwa kristal CaCO3 yang terbentuk didominasi oleh jenis kalsit. Beberapa kristal vaterit dan sedikit aragonit juga terlihat pada SEM. Efek magnetisasi akan meningkatkan jumlah kristal CaCO3 dengan ukuran kristal yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan sampel non magnetisasi.

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A lot of researchers have been researching about the effect of magnetization to precipitation of CaCO3. The explanation of the real mechanism is still controversial. Some of the researchers reported that the induction of magnetic field could suppress the precipitation of CaCO3 and the others reported the increasing of precipitation in the presence of magnetic treatment. The objectives of this experimental are to know about the effectiveness of magnetic field on calcium carbonate precipitate using the synthetic hard water (both a mixing of natrium carbonate and calcium chloride or natrium bicarbonate and calcium chloride). Base on the mobility of the fluids, the effect of magnetic field are tested in two conditions. A static fluid system (using Na2CO3 + CaCl2) and dynamic fluid system (using NaHCO3 + CaCl2). To give a quantitative analysis on precipitation in solution, a complexometry titration method using EDTA solution is used. The crystals morphology of deposit that adhere in a surface glass is obtain from SEM photography.

The result that the effect of magnetic fields either in static or dynamic fluid system could increase the number of precipitation. An exception for the dynamic fluid system, after the solution has through in the magnetic field and already passed two hours precipitation, the memory effect of magnet cause depressing on precipitation. Ion mechanisms is suspicious happen in which a free Ca2+ ion is still remain dominant in the solution after the filtration carry out. In static fluid system, a SEM photographic shows that either in magnetic exposure sample or nonmagnetic sample, a calcite form are dominant in all over crystals. Some vaterite and few aragonite are exposure in SEM photograph. The conclusions are the induction of magnetic field will accelerate the number of crystal since magnetic field could cause the increasing of nucleation. Under this condition a small crystal size will be form in associated with fast nucleation and precipitation."