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"An attempt to prepare trinuclear tungsten oxoalkoxides [BzMe3N]3[W3O8(OMe)5] from the reaction betweenWO2(OMe)2, [BzMe3N]2WO4 and [BzMe3N](OMe) in the ratio of 2:1:1 in MeOH produced[BzMe3N]2[Na2W4O12(OMe)4(MeOH)6].6MeOH. Suitable crystals for X-ray chrystallographic studies were obtainedfrom hot mixture of methanol-acetonitrile solution. The I.R., 1H-NMR, and microanalysis data including crystalstructure of [Na2W4O12(OMe)4(MeOH)6]2- anion are reported."

"Prehipertensi pada remaja didefinisikan sebagai tekanan darah sistolik dan/atau diastolik yang ≥90 persentil tetapi <95 persentil, sedangkan hipertensi pada remaja didefinisikan sebagai tekanan darah sistolik dan/atau diastolik 95th persentil hingga 99th persentil + 5 mmHg berdasarkan jenis kelamin, usia, dan tinggi badan. Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu mengenai prehipertensi dan hipertensi remaja di Indonesia, prevalensi prehipertensi pada remaja mencapai 16,8%, sedangkan prevalensi hipertensi mencapai 2,6%. Penelitian sebelumnya mengenai prehipertensi remaja di salah satu SMA di Bogor, prevalensi prehipertensi mencapai 21,5%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan proporsi status prehipertensi dan hipertensi berdasarkan karakteristik individu, status gizi, asupan, dan gaya hidup pada siswa/i usia 15-18 tahun di SMA Negeri 2 Cibinong. Desain penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional dengan teknik pengambilan sampel consecutive sampling. Jumlah responden pada penelitian ini adalah 130 yang terdiri dari siswa/i kelas X dan XI SMA Negeri 2 Cibinong. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Mei - Juni melalui pengisian kuesioner (g-form), wawancara recall 2x24-h, pengukuran berat badan, tinggi badan, dan tekanan darah. Hasil penelitian didapatkan sebanyak 29,2% responden mengalami prehipertensi dan 3,1% responden mengalami hipertensi tahap 1. Terdapat perbedaan proporsi prehipertensi dan hipertensi berdasarkan riwayat hipertensi keluarga (p-value=0,001; OR=4,020; 95% CI=1,765 - 9,159), asupan natrium (p-value=0,001; OR=19,091; 95% CI=5,91 - 61,61), asupan serat (p-value=0,001; OR=6,000; 95% CI=2,68 - 13,39), dan kebiasaan merokok (p-value=0,002; OR=10,118; 95% CI=2,044 - 50,091). Siswa/i dengan riwayat hipertensi keluarga, asupan natrium berlebih, asupan serat kurang, dan memiliki kebiasaan merokok lebih berisiko mengalami kejadian prehipertensi dan hipertensi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, diharapkan siswa/i dapat mulai memperhatikan tekanan darah dengan melakukan pengukuran tekanan darah rutin sebulan sekali, membatasi asupan natrium ≤2000 mg atau 1 sdt per hari, meningkatkan asupan serat ≥25 gr per hari, dan mengurangi/menghentikan kebiasaan merokok.

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Prehypertension in adolescents is defined as systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure that is ≥90th percentile but <95th percentile, while hypertension in adolescents is defined as systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure of 95th percentile to 99th percentile + 5 mmHg based on gender, age, and height body. Based on previous research regarding prehypertension and adolescent hypertension in Indonesia, the prevalence of prehypertension in adolescents reached 16.8%, while the prevalence of hypertension reached 2.6%. Previous research on adolescent prehypertension in one high school in Bogor, the prevalence of prehypertension reached 21.5%. This study aims to determine differences in the proportion of prehypertension dan hypertension status based on individual characteristics, nutritional status, intake and lifestyle among students aged 15-18 years at SMA Negeri 2 Cibinong. The research design used in this study was cross-sectional with consecutive sampling technique. The number of respondents in this study was 130 consisting of students from class X and XI of SMA Negeri 2 Cibinong. Data collection was carried out in May - June through filling out questionnaires (g-form), 2x24-h recall interviews, measuring body weight, height and blood pressure. The research results showed that 29.2% of respondents had prehypertension and 3.1% of respondents had stage 1 hypertension. There were differences in the proportion of prehypertension and hypertension based on family history of hypertension (p-value=0.001; OR=4.020; 95% CI=1.765 - 9.159), sodium intake (p-value=0.001; OR=19.091; 95% CI=5.91 - 61.61), fiber intake (p-value=0.001; OR=6.000; 95% CI=2.68 - 13.39) , and smoking habits (p-value=0.002; OR=10.118; 95% CI=2.044 - 50.091). Students with a family history of hypertension, excessive sodium intake, insufficient fiber intake, and smoking habits are more at risk of experiencing prehypertension and hypertension. Based on the results of this research, it is hoped that students can start paying attention to blood pressure by taking regular blood pressure measurements once a month, limiting sodium intake to ≤2000 mg or 1 tsp per day, increasing fiber intake to ≥25 grams per day, and reducing/stopping the habit of smoke."

"Omeprazol adalah obat golongan proton pump inhibitor (PPI) yang efektif dalam pengobatan penyakit refluks gastroesofageal (PGRE). Sediaan yang tersedia secara komersial adalah kapsul yang berisi pelet salut enterik karena omeprazol cepat terdegradasi dalam suasana asam. Omeprazol merupakan lini pertama bagi pasien bayi dan anak, namun sediaan larutan belum tersedia menjadi kendala jika diberikan pada pasien anak maupun pasien dengan pemberian secara nasogastric tube (NGT). Penggunaan natrium bikarbonat sebagai pelarut sekaligus penetral asam lambung merupakan salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi keterbatasan penggunaan omeprazol. Stabilitas omeprazol dalam natrium bikarbonat perlu dievaluasi pada berbagai kondisi penyimpanan. Tugas akhir ini menganalisis beberapa artikel terkait stabilitas kapsul omeprazol pada sediaan cair, serta memberikan rekomendasi mengenai masa simpan, kondisi penyimpanan serta formula yang stabil. Artikel terkait diambil melalui Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SAGE Journals, dan website BPOM untuk rentang tahun 1991 hingga 2020. Pencarian terfokus pada stabilitas kapsul omeprazol, suspensi siap pakai omeprazol, dan omeprazol dalam larutan natrium bikarbonat. Hasil dari analisis didapatkan bahwa formulasi dengan larutan natrium bikarbonat terbukti dapat mempertahankan pH cairan diatas 7,8. Eksipien lain seperti agen pensuspensi dan pengawet diperlukan untuk meningkatkan viskositas dan kestabilan fisik sediaan. Pemanis dapat ditambahkan secukupnya untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien terutama anak-anak. Suhu optimal untuk menjaga kestabilan sediaan ini yaitu pada suhu dingin (2oC-8oC) yang stabil hingga 150 hari. Jika disimpan pada suhu ruang (15oC-30oC) suspensi stabil selama ±14 hari. Wadah paling baik menggunakan botol kaca cokelat untuk melindungi sediaan dari cahaya matahari.

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Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor drug in the treatment of gastroesophageal disease (GERD). The commercial drugs are capsule containing enteric-coated pellets because it’s rapidly degraded in an acid condition. Omeprazole become the first-line drug for infant and pediatric patients, but because the solution form isn’t available yet, it become problems for pediatric patients and also patients with a nasogastric tube (NGT). Using sodium bicarbonate, as a solvent also neutralizing agent, is one of the method to overcome the limitations of omeprazole. The stability of omeprazole in sodium bicarbonate need to be evaluated in various storage conditions. This final report will analyze journals related to the stability of omeprazole in oral solution, also provide recommendations regarding shelf life, storage conditions and good formula. Related articles were identified through Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SAGE Journals, and the BPOM website for the period 1991 to 2020. The search terms used included omeprazole capsule stability, extemporaneous omeprazole suspension, and omeprazole in sodium bicarbonate solution. The results are formulations with sodium bicarbonate solution are proven to be able to maintain pH above 7,8. Other excipients such as suspending agents and preservatives are needed to increase the viscosity and physical stability of omeprazole suspensions. Sweeteners can be added sufficiently to improve patient compliance, especially pediatric patients. The optimal temperature to maintain the stability of omeprazole suspension is at cold temperature (2-8oC) which stable for 150 days. If the suspension stored at room temperature (15oC-30oC) stable for ±14 days. It’s recommended to use a amber glass to protect the suspension from light."

"Natrium karboksimetil selulosa NaCMC merupakan salah satu turunan selulosa yang digunakan dalam berbagai sektor industri, yaitu sebagai bahan tambahan penting dan banyak digunakan dalam bidang farmasi, kosmetik, makanan, dan industri lainnya. Bambu betung memiliki kadar selulosa yang cukup tinggi yaitu sekitar 42,4-53,6. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan kondisi dan metode optimum pembuatan NaCMC dari alfa selulosa bambu betung, identitas dan karakteristik NaCMC yang dihasilkan dibandingkan dengan NaCMC komersial. Mula-mula alfa selulosa hasil isolasi dialkalisasi dengan NaOH 25 mengandung sodium borate dalam isopropil alkohol selama 1 jam. Reaksi karboksimetilasi dioptimasi dengan variasi berat natrium monokloroasetat NaMCA yang digunakan dan waktu reaksi. Derajat substitusi DS ditentukan dengan titrasi asam basa. Produk NaCMC yang optimal dengan nilai DS 0,71 diperoleh dari reaksi karboksimetilasi dengan berat NaMCA 3,90 g selama 3 jam. NaCMC yang diperoleh berupa serbuk halus, tidak berbau, tidak berasa, berwarna putih dan nilai pH larutan 1 nya adalah 7,41. Spektrum inframerah NaCMC memiliki kemiripan dengan NaCMC komersial. Berdasarkan perbandingan pola difraktogram dengan difraksi sinar-X sudah terlihat kemiripan antara NaCMC bambu betung dengan standar serta menunjukkan bentuk kristal dan amorf. Secara morfologi dengan SEM Scanning Electron Microscope menunjukkan bentuk morfologi yang lebih bulat dan kasar daripada standar komersial.

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Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose NaCMC is a cellulose derivative used in various industrial sectors as an important excipient and used in pharmacy, cosmetic, food, and other industries. Betung bamboo contains high cellulose at approximately 42.4 53.6. The present research aimed to find out the optimum condition and method of NaCMC prepared from alpha cellulose betung bamboo and its identity and characteristics compared to commercial NaCMC. Initially, alpha cellulose isolated was alkalized using NaOH 25 contained sodium borate in isopropyl alcohol for 1 hour. The carboxymethylation reaction was optimized by variation of weight of sodium monochloroacetate NaMCA and duration of reaction. The degree of substitution DS was determined by acid base titration method. The optimum NaCMC product with DS value of 0.71 was obtained from carboxymethylation reaction of 3.90 g NaMCA for 3 hours. The NaCMC was obtained in the form of fine powder, odourless, tasteless, white and the pH value of 1 solution was 7.41. The infrared spectra of NaCMC was similar to commercial reference. Based on the comparison of diffractogram by X Ray diffraction, there was a similarity pattern between NaCMC of betung bamboo with the reference which showed crystalline and amorphous form. Morphologically by using SEM Scanning Electron Microscope, it showed a more rounded and coarser morphological shape than the commercial reference."

"Latar belakang. Bersihan kolon yang adekuat berkaitan dengan persiapan kolonoskopi yang baik namun hingga saat ini belum ada penelitian mengenai dua preparat bersihan kolon yang paling umum digunakan di Indonesia yaitu polyethylene glycol (PEG) dan sodium phosphate (SP).Tujuan. Mengetahui perbandingan bersihan kolon antara PEG dan SP pada pasien yang akan dilakukan kolonoskopi di Indonesia. Metode. Uji klinis acak tersamar tunggal, satu sentral penelitian di pusat endoskopi saluran cerna (PESC) RS. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) pada pasien usia lebih dari 18 tahun yang menjalani kolonoskopi periode Maret ? September 2014. Randomisasi manual, teknik sampling konsekutif dilakukan untuk mengalokasikan preparat PEG dan SP, kemudian penilaian bersihan kolon secara tersamar tunggal dilakukan oleh dua orang dengan Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). Nilai adekuat bila skor ≥ 5. Analisis dilakukan dengan intention to treat.Hasil. Dari 135 subyek yang dirandomisasi, dieksklusi 14 subyek sehingga yang dianalisis 121 subyek (PEG n=62; SP n=59). Semua subyek menjalani penelitian hingga selesai. Bersihan adekuat pada PEG 88,7% dengan rerata skor BPPS 5,89, sedangkan pada SP 89,8% dengan rerata skor BPPS 6,34 (nilai p=0,84). Didapatkan nilai Control Event Rate (CER) 11,3%, Experiment Event Rate (EER) 10,17%, Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) 1,13%, Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) 9,92%, dan Number Needed to Treat (NNT) untuk SP sebesar 90 subyek. Efek samping pada PEG adalah mual (19,4%), rasa tidak enak (3,2%), muntah (1,6%) sedangkan pada SP hanya rasa tidak enak (5,1%). Kedua kelompok tidak mengalami alergi.Kesimpulan. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna secara statistik dan klinis antara PEG dan SP dalam bersihan kolon yang adekuat menggunakan skor BPPS.

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Background. Adequate clearance of the colon is associated with a good preparation for colonoscopy. Up until now research on colon adequate clearance by using two of the most commonly used preparations in Indonesia, namely polyethylene glycol and sodium phosphate has not been done.Aims. To compare the effectivity of PEG and SP in colon clearance for patients undergoing colonoscopy in Indonesia.Design and Methods. A single blind randomized clinical trial in one centre at gastrointestinal endoscopy centre RSCM, was conducted on patients aged over 18 years old that had colonoscopy in the period from March to September 2014. Consecutive manual randomization was performed to allocate the PEG and SP lavage and assessment of adequate colon clearance will be evaluated by two investigators using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). Adequate score if > 5. Analysis was done by intention to treat.Results. From the 135 randomized subjects, 14 was excluded, and 121 subjects obtained (PEG n=62; SP n=59). All subjects completed the research. Adequate clearance in PEG was 88.7% with BPPS mean score 5.89. While, SP had adequate clearance of 89.8% with BPPS mean score 6.34 (p value=0.84). Analysis resulted in CER 11.3%, EER 10.17%, ARR 1.13%, RRR 9.92%, and NNT for SP was 90 subjects. Side effects in PEG participants were nausea (19.4%), unpleasant taste (3.2%), vomit (1.6%) while in SP participants only experienced unpleasant taste (5.1%). Both groups did not experience allergic reaction.Conclusion. There was no significant difference in terms of adequate colon clearance preparation between PEG and SP using BPPS score."

"Scope and Method of Study: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are still a major problem in developing countries viewed from epidemiological, laboratory, as well as clinical aspects. Reliable laboratory diagnosis is the blood culture. However, failure of the blood culture occurs, due to the bactericidal effect of blood (phagocytes, complement, and specific and nonspecific antibodies, among others). Microbiologists are challenged to improve the blood culture by adding sodium polyanethol sulphonate (SPS) in the media. SPS is capable to inactivate the blood bactericidal effect, is an effective anticoagulant, non-toxic to most pathogens, stable to high temperature, acid and alkaline solutions, and is water-soluble.The objective of this study is to compare bile culture plus 0.05% SPS to conventional bile culture for the growth of salmonella in blood. The result was evaluated by the rate of growth in both cultures after 1 minute, 4 hours and 12 hours (logarithmic phase). The number of organisms was calculated from growth on nutrient agar plates when the range-of growth were 30-300 colonies per 0.1 ml inoculum, and the dilution of both cultures.Findings and Conclusions: Fifty isolates representing five species of salmonellae has been tested and showed that the number of organisms per ml in the SPS bile culture was not significantly different compared to conventional bile culture. In conclusion, the SPS bile culture is the same as conventional bile culture for the growth of S. typhi, S. pa-atyphi A, B, C, and S. typhimurium in blood from healthy humans, with a blood-broth ratio of 1: 10."

"Sodium (Na) was found as one of chemical elements that able to disturb plants that grow along the Cikijing river. This river water that had been detected as contains high sodium,whereas the river water is still used by local famers to irigate their rice fields....."

"In an attempt to synthesize [BzMe3N]2Mo2O5(OMe)5 from the reaction of [BzMe3N]2MoO4 and MoO(OMe)4 in theratio of 1:1 in methanol has produced [BzMe3N]2Mo4O10(OMe)6. The formation of [Mo4O10(OMe)6]2- anionsuggests that ligand dissociation has occured in solution. Suitable crystals for X-ray chrystallographic were obtainedfrom hot methanol and the crystal structure of [BzMe3N]2Mo4O10(OMe)6 has been solved and reported here in."

"Latar Belakang: Irigasi endodontik konsentrasi tinggi Natrium Hipoklorit (NaOCl) 5% telah banyak dilaporkan menurunkan viabilitas sel punca pulpa (hDPSCs) namun merupakan bahan irigasi pilihan untuk perawatan endodontik. Sehingga dibutuhkan larutan lain untuk menetralkan efek NaOCl seperti Sodium thiosulfate (STS) yang bersifat antioksidan agar potensi anti mikroba NaOCl tetap baik namun tidak mempengaruhi viabilitas sel punca pulpa. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek penggunaan STS 5% setelah paparan NaOCl 1,5% dan NaOCl 5%-PBS-EDTA 17%-PBS dengan variasi paparan waktu terhadap viabilitas hDPSCs. Metode: Sel primer hDPSCs yang telah 80% confluent dan mencapai P3-P4 dilakukan starvation 24 jam, diberikan perlakuan berupa NaOCl-PBS-STS 5%-EDTA 17%-PBS, DMEM sebagai kontrol negatif dan NaOCl 1,5% serta 5% sebagai kontrol positif. Pengamatan viabilitas sel punca pulpa dengan uji flowcitometry MTT-assay. Hasil: Perbandingan antara kelompok NaOCl 5% terhadap kelompok NaOCl 5% - STS 5% 60’ berbeda tidak bermakna (p>0,5) namun nilai viabilitas kelompok NaOCl 5% - STS 5% 60’ lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok NaOCl 5%. Kesimpulan: Sodium thiosulfate sebagai agen antioksidan dan penetralisir NaOCl cukup efektif dalam mempertahankan viabilitas sel punca pulpa pada konsentrasi NaOCl 5% dengan paparan waktu 60’.

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Background: Endodontic irrigation with high concentrations of 5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been reported to decrease pulp stem cell viability (hDPSCs) however NaOCl is the irrigant of choice for endodontic treatment. Another solution is needed to neutralize the effects of NaOCl, such as Sodium thiosulfate (STS) an antioxidant that has good antimicrobial but minimally effect on the viability hDPSCS. Objective: To determine the effect of 5% STS after exposure to 1.5% NaOCl and 5% NaOCl-PBS-EDTA 17%-PBS with variations in exposure time on the viability of hDPSCs. Method: hDPSCs that has been 80% confluent and reach P3-P4 done starvation for 24 hour,was given treatment of NaOCl-PBS-STS 5%-EDTA 17%-PBS, DMEM as a negative control and NaOCl 1.5% and 5% as a positive control. Observation of viability by MTT-flow cytometry assay. Results: The comparison between the 5% NaOCl group and the 5% NaOCl - 5% STS 60' group was not significantly different (p>0.5) but the viability value of the 5% NaOCl - 5% 60' NaOCl group is higher than 5% NaOCl group. Conclusion: Sodium thiosulfate as an antioxidant agent and NaOCl neutralizer is quite effective in maintaining the viability of pulp stem cells at 5% NaOCl concentration with an exposure time of 60'."

"Elektroda busa nikel termodifikasi NiCo2O4 (NiCo2O4/Busa Nikel) dengan morfologi hollow spheres telah berhasil dipreparasi menggunakan metode hidrotermal. Karakterisasi material menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) dan Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) menunjukkan bahwa struktur lubang dari NiCo2O4 berhasil terbentuk dari hasil penghilangan template SiO2 nanospheres yang terlah disintesis sebelumnya. NiCo2O4 yang terdeposisi pada busa nikel dikarakterisasi menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) dan X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Kinerja elektroda NiCo2O4/ busa nikel untuk penentuan kadar glukosa dalam larutan Natrium Hidroksida (NaOH) dievaluasi dengan teknik siklik voltammetry. Struktur lubang NiCo2O4 dapat meningkatkan luas permukaan elektrokatif dan mempercepat transfer elektron sehingga sensor dapat menunjukkan linearitas arus oksidasi yang tinggi (R2=0,9895) pada rentang konsentrasi 0,25 – 2,0 μM dengan nilai perkiraan batas deteksi (LOD) sebesar 0,13 μM dan sensitivitas 22,57 mAμM-1 serta nilai relative standard deviation (RSD) sebesar 1,86% setelah tujuh kali pengukuran. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan kinerja material yang sangat baik dan potensi yang menjanjikan untuk pengembangan sensor glukosa selanjutnya

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Modified nickel foam electrodes NiCo2O4 (NiCo2O4 / Ni Foam) with hollow spherical morphology were successfully prepared using the hydrothermal method. Material characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) which shows the hole structure of NiCo2O4 developed from the results of removing the template on SiO2 nanospheres that has been previously synthesized. NiCo2O4 deposited on the surface of nickel foam was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The performance of NiCo2O4/ Nickel foam electrodes for glucose levels in Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solutions was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry techniques. The NiCo2O4 hole structure can increase electrocative surface area and increase electron transfer so that the sensor can show high linearity of oxidation currents (R2 = 0,9895) in the concentration range of 0,25 – 2,0 μM with estimated limit of detection (LOD) value of 0,13 μM and sensitivity of 22.57 mAμM-1 and the relative standard deviation value (RSD) of 1,86% after seven measurements. These results show excellent material performance and promising potential for further sensor development."