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"Dengan adanya permintaan Singapura akan pasir Indonesia memicu maraknya penambangan pasir di wilayah kepri untuk dijual baik legal maupun ilegal ke negara Singapura. Secara ekonomi maupun secara keamanan negara Indonesia dirugikan akibat penjualan pasir tersebut ke Singapura.Penelitian ini bertujuan : (I) Mendiskripsikan dan menjelaskan terjadinya penambangan pasir taut dan darat di Kepulauan Riau ; (2) Mengukur berapa banyak pasir yang dijual secara illegal ke Singapura ; (3) Mengestimasi dampak penambangan pasir laut dan darat di pantai terhadap Ketahanan Wilayah Provinsi Riau.Metode yang digunakan adalah observasi langsung ke tempat melalui wawancara kepada masyarakat di lokasi dengan metode triangulasi serta menganalisis dokumen - dokumen yang ada pada instansi - instansi terkait.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan : (1) Penjualan pasir galian ke Singapura dimotivasi oleh kebutuhan Singapura untuk pembangunan dan reklamasi perluasan pantai. Masyarakat di Kepulauan Riau dimotivasi oleh menghilangkan pengangguran dan kemiskinan. Pemerintah Daerah Riau dimotivasi oleh. adanya peluang meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah ( PAD ). Pengusaha mendapatkan keuntungan usaha ; (2) Terdapat sekitar 120.000 ton pasir darat per bulan yang diekspor ke Singapura dengan harga jual Sin $ 6.5 - Sin S 15 per ton ( 1 m3 = 1,2 ton) ; (3) Dampak terhadap keutuhan wilayah Kepulauan Riau ialah kerusakan lingkungan, tergangunya pelayaran Taut, dalam hal lain Pendapatan Asli Daerah ( PAD) meningkat

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A lot of sea and land sand mining in Riau Islands has triggered legal and illegal sand selling to Singapore. Indonesia has some losses not only in terms of economics aspect but also in its national security, because of the sand selling to Singapore.The objective of the research are : (1) Describing and explaining the sea and land sand mining in Riau Islands ; (2) Measuring how much sand has been sold illegally to Singapore : (3) Estimating the effect of sea and land mining on shores in term of Riau Province Territory Defense.The method to be used is a direct observation to the location by interviewing people in the location using method of triangulation and analyzing documents at related institutions.The research result shows that: (1) the sand selling to Singapore is motivated by the Singapore's need of development and reclamation of shore extension. People in Riau Islands are motivated to eradicate unemployment and poverty. Riau government is motivated by the opportunity to increase its GDP (Gross Domestic Products). The businessmen get their company profit ; (2) There is about 120.000 ton land sand per month which is exported to Singapore worth Sin $ 6.5 - Sin $ 15 per ton (1 m3 = 1.2 ton ) ; (3) The effect on the existence of Riau Islands is The environmental damage and the disturbance on sea traffic. On the other hand, GDP is increasing."

"[ABSTRAKWilayah udara yang berada di atas sebuah negara merupakan hak negara tersebutsecara penuh dan eksklusif. Namun, ketentuan itu tidak selalu dapat diikuti. Halini ditunjukkan dengan adanya pengaturan wilayah penerbangan di atas negara ?negara di dunia, Flight Information Region (FIR), yang tidak selalu mengikutigaris batas negara. Kondisi tersebut dialami oleh Indonesia. Sebagian wilayahudara di kawasan Kepulauan Riau dan Natuna didelegasikan kepada Singapurakarena ketidakmampuan Indonesia konon dalam mengelola navigasi penerbangan.Melalui pendelegasian wilayah udara tersebut, terdapat berbagai kerugian yangdiderita oleh Indonesia. Namun, pemerintah Indonesia tetap meneruskan kerjasama pengelolaan wilayah udara tersebut walaupun perjanjian pendelegasian,yang dibuat pada tahun 1995, telah berakhir masa berlakunya, dan kondisiIndonesia telah memungkinkan untuk mengambil kembali kewenangannya. Halinilah yang menjadi anomali dari sikap negara berdaulat. Oleh sebab itu, tesis inimenggunakan teori politik birokratik (bureaucratic politics theory) dalampembedahan isu untuk melihat proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri diantara birokrasi ? birokrasi di dalam negeri. Pembedahan tesis dibagi sesuaidengan variabel dalam teori ini, yaitu aktor/birokrasi yang terlibat, faktor yangmenentukan masing ? masing aktor, dan sikap aktor dalam menyatukanpertimbangan untuk menghasilkan keputusan dan tindakan pemerintah. Setelahmendapatkan ketiga variabel penelitian, langkah selanjutnya adalah memetakanpolitik birokratik Indonesia terkait isu tersebut. Pada akhirnya, ditemukan adanyamasalah politik birokratik intranasional yang menyebabkan limitasi pilihan bagipemerintah dalam proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri menanggapi isupendelegasian wilayah udara nasional kepada Singapura. Masalah ini jugamerefleksikan persaingan antara Indonesia dan Singapura di beberapa aspek.

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ABSTRACTAir territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.;Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects., Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country’s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state’s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.]"

"Tesis ini membahas tentang pengaruh komponen ? komponen geopolitik yaitu wilayah, energi dan power terhadap sengketa teritorial di Laut China Selatan antara China dan Vietnam periode 2009 - 2011. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian eksplanatif untuk menjelaskan hubungan kausalitas antar variabel serta menggunakan metode pengumpulan data melalui studi kepustakaan.Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ketiga komponen geopolitik mempengaruhi sengketa teritorial di Laut China Selatan . Pertama, komponen wilayah yang dijelaskan melalui kedekatan geografis dan panjang garis pantai menunjukkan adanya klaim kepemilikan dan tingkat resiko bagi apabila terjadi sengketa di kawasan tersebut. Kedua, komponen energi yang dijelaskan melalui pengukuran tingkat pemenuhan kebutuhan energi menunjukkan bahwa rendahnya tingkat pemenuhan kebutuhan energi mempengaruhi eskalasi konflik akibat eksplorasi energi di kawasan yang masih menjadi sengketa. Sedangkan komponen power, kapabilitas militer yang kuat menimbulkan peningkatan agresivitas China ? Vietnam untuk mengklaim kawasan LCS. Selain itu, strategi China ? Vietnam untuk mempertahankan klaim juga mempengaruhi hubungan konfliktual di antara kedua negara ini.

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The focus of this study is analyzing the impact of the components of geopolitics i.e. territory, energy and power toward the territorial dispute between China and Vietnam in the South China Sea at the period of 2009 - 2011. This study is quantitative research that aims to analyze the causal relationship between each variable.This study summarize that the component of geopolitics give impact to the conflict escalation in the South China Sea dispute between Vietnam and China. In terms of territory, the geographic proximity and the coastline have explained the ownership claim and the country's risk should the dispute escalate into large-scale conflict or even war. In terms of energy, the rate of energy sufficiency ability gives impact to the dispute since it will cause a country to explore the disputed area in order to fulfill the energy demand. And in terms of power, the military capability has been the basis for China-Vietnam to act aggressively in the South China Sea. In addition, China ? Vietnam have also chosen different strategies to maintain their claims that in turns gives impact to the conflicting relationship among them.;The focus of this study is analyzing the impact of the components of geopolitics i.e. territory, energy and power toward the territorial dispute between China and Vietnam in the South China Sea at the period of 2009 ? 2011. This study is quantitative research that aims to analyze the causal relationship between each variable. This study summarize that the component of geopolitics give impact to the conflict escalation in the South China Sea dispute between Vietnam and China. In terms of territory, the geographic proximity and the coastline have explained the ownership claim and the country‟s risk should the dispute escalate into large-scale conflict or even war. In terms of energy, the rate of energy sufficiency ability gives impact to the dispute since it will cause a country to explore the disputed area in order to fulfill the energy demand. And in terms of power, the military capability has been the basis for China-Vietnam to act aggressively in the South China Sea. In addition, China ? Vietnam have also chosen different strategies to maintain their claims that in turns gives impact to the conflicting relationship among them."