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"Tuberkulosis (TB) masih merupakan masalah kesehatan di dunia serta muncul ke permukaan sebagai penyebab utama kematian. Saat ini TB telah menjadi ancaman global, World Health Organization (WHO) memperkirakan terdapat 8 juta kasus baru dan 3 juta kematian karena TB setiap tahunnya. Pada tahun 1990 dilaporkan. hampir 3,8 juta kasus TB di dunia dan 49%nya terdapat di Asia Selatan dan Timur, diperkirakan pula bahwa 1,7 miliar penduduk pada tahun 1990 (sekitar 1/3 penduduk dunia) terinfeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tuberculosis).Menurut WHO pada tahun 1998 Indonesia menempati urutan ketiga dalam jumlah penderita TB terbanyak di dunia setelah India dan China. Diperkirakan pada tahun 2000 ditemukan 1.856.000 kasus baru di India (WHO Report 2002), 1.365.000 kasus baru di China dan 595.000 kasus baru di Indonesia.dikutip dari The World Health Organization dalam Annual report on global TB control 2003 juga menyatakan terdapat 22 negara dikategorikan sebagai high burden countries terhadap TB. Indonesia masih tetap peringkat ketiga setelah India dan China dalam menyumbang jumlah kasus TB di dunia. Estimasi prevalens TB di Indonesia tahun 2003 adalah 295 per 100.000. Indonesia kemudian melakukan survei prevalens TB tahun 2004, mencakup 30 provinsi yang memberikan estimasi prevalens TB berdasarkan pemeriksaan mikroskopik BTA positif sebesar 104 per 100.000. Prevalens TB di Jawa Bali sebesar 59 per 100.000 jauh lebih rendah dibanding luar Jawa Bali 174 per 100.000."

"Penyakit tuberkulosis di Indonesia masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat. Pemerintah memperkirakan saat ini setiap tahun terjadi 583.000 kasus bare dengan kematian 140.000 orang. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut pemerintah telah melaksanakan program penanggulangan TB dengan strategi DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Shortcourse) sejak tahun 1995.Untuk mengetahui keberhasilan program DOTS, menggunakan indikator atau tolok ukur angka konversi pada akhir pengobatan tahap intensif minimal 80%, angka kesembuhan minimal 85% dari kasus baru BTA positif, Di Puskesmas Kecamatan Jatinegara, angka kesembuhan tahun 2001 baru mencapai 80% dan angka konversi sebesar 90,65%. Angka kesembuhan tersebut sangat berkaitan dengan kepatuhan berobat penderita TB paru bersangkutan. Oleh karena itu secara umum tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh informasi tentang hubungan persepsi , pengetahuan penderita, dan Pengawas Menelan Obat dengan kepatuhanberobat penderita TB paru di Puskesmas Kecamatan Jatinagara tahun 2001.Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan memanfaatkan data primer dan sekunder. Penulis melakukan pengumpulan data dengan wawancara berpedoman pada kuesioner pada tanggal 29 Maret 2002 sampai 8 Mei 2002 dad seluruh penderita TB paru BTA positif sebanyak 92 orang yang mendapat pengobatan kategori-1 dan telah selesai berobat di Puskesmas tersebut tahun 2001. Variabel dependen adalah kepatuhan berobat, dan variabel independen adalah persepsi kerentanan, persepsi keseriusan, persepsi manfaat minus rintangan , persepsi ancamanlbahaya, pengetahuan dan pengawas menelan obat. Sedangkan variabel confounding terdiri dari umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan dan pekerjaan. Untuk pengolahan data, penulis menggunakan analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat dengan regresi logistik Banda.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa responden yang patuh berobat 73,9 % dan tidak patuh berobat 26,1%_ Dui basil analisis bivariat didapatkan variabel yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan kepatuhan berobat adalah variabel persepsi kerentanan P value=4.045 dan OR=0,314 , persepsi keseriusan P value 0,034 dan OR=3,26 , persepsi manfaat minus rintangan P value-0,023 dan OR=3,70 , persepsi ancamanl bahaya P value~,030 dan OR=0,310 dan pengawas menelan obat P value-0,008 dan OR=0,171. Sedangkan basil analisis multivariat mendapatkan tiga variabel yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan berobat yaitu keseriusan P value=0,013 dan OR=6,221, manfaat minus rintangan P value 0,019 dan OR=5,814 , dan pengawas menelan obat P value= 0,024 dan OR ,174. Namun yang paling dominan diantara ketiga variabel tersebut adalah variabel keseriusan P value-0,013 dan OR-6,221.Peneliti menyarankan kepada pengelola program penanggulangan TB pare di Puskesmas untuk memberikan informasi yang cukup dan lebih jelas lagi tentang TB pare kepada setiap penderita dengan menggunakan bahasa sederhana agar penderita mudah memahami dan melaksanakannya. Sebaiknya di ruang tunggu Puskesmas diadakan penyuluhan TB paru melalui TV dan poster. Meningkatkan pecan PMO melalui penyuluhan dan pertemuan yang efektif dengan kader kesehatan , TOMA dan terutama dengan PMO dari keluarga. Mensosialisasikan Pedoman Umum Promosi Penanggulangan TB yang dikeluarkan oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pemberantasan Penyakit Menular dan Penyehatan Lingkungan Tahun 2000 .

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Tuberculosis remains to become a large public health problem in Indonesia. This time the government estimates that there are 583.000 new cases of tuberculosis and up to 140.000 persons die from tuberculosis annualy. Solving this problem the government has carried out the program to fight against tuberculosis by DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short course) strategy since 1995.

To know the success of DOTS program we use indicator or yard stick i.e. conversion rate at the end of intensive medication stage is minimal 80% and cure rate is minimal 85% of acid-fast bacilli positive new cases. In Puskesmas Kecamatan Jatinegara in 2001, the cure rate achieved 80% and the conversion rate was 90,65%. The cure rate is closely related to medication compliance of those lung tuberculosis patients. Therefore in general, the aim of this study is to obtain information about the relationship between perception, patient's knowledge , PMO (Drug Swallowing Observer), and medication compliance of lung tuberculosis patients in Puskesmas Kecamatan Jatinegara, year of 2001.

This study used cross sectional design employing both primary and secondary data. The writer collected data based on interview with questionnaires on 29 March 2002 to 8 May 2002 from all smear-positive lung tuberculosis patients as much as 92 persons who have received category-1 therapy and have completed the medication in the Puskesmas in the year 2001. The dependent variable is the medication compliance, and the independent variables are the perceived susceptability, perceived seriousness, perceived benefits minus barriers, perceived threat, knowledge of TB, and PMO. Whereas the confounding variables consist of age, gender, education and job. Processing the data the writer used univariate, bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis with multiple regression logistic.

The result of this study showed that respondents who complied with medication was 73,9% and those who uncomplied with medication was 26,1%. From the result of bivariate analysis found variables which had significant relationship to medication compliance. Those variables were perception of susceptability P value=4,045 and OR=0,314 , perception of seriousness P value= 0,034 and OR=3,26 , perception of benefits minus barriers P value 0,023 and ORO,370 , perception of threat P value x,030 and OR=0,310 ,and PMO P value-3,008 and OR=0,171. Whereas the result of multivariate analysis found three variables which had significant relationship to medication compliance i.e. persception of seriousness P value=0,013 and OR=6.221, benefits minus barriers P value-A019 and OR=5,814 , and PMO Pvalue=0,024 and OR=0,174. Nevertheless the most dominant amongst those three variables was perception of seriousness P value 0,013 and OR=6,221.

The writer suggests the management of the program to fight against lung tuberculosis in Puskesmas to give adequate and clearer information about lung tuberculosis to each patients using simple and plain language in order the patients to understand and practice it easily_ It is best that Puskesmas carries out lung tuberculosis counseling by TV and poster in the waiting room. To increase the role of PMO by the way of effective counseling and meeting with health cadres or volunteers , TOMA (public vigors) and especially with PMO who comes from family. Socialization of Pedoman Umum Promosi Penanggulangan TB published by Direktorat Jenderal Pemberantasan Penyakit Menular dan Penyehatan Linglcungan year of 2000.

BibIiograhy : 41 (1965 - 2001)"

"[ABSTRAKPenyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK) merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas di dunia.Beberapa faktor risiko PPOK juga merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya tuberkulosis (TB).Beberapa penelitian di luar ditemukan prevalens TB paru pada pasien PPOK sekitar 2,6% - 10%.Indonesia khususnya di RSUP Persahabatan belum ada data proporsi TB paru pada pasien PPOK.Objektif: tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan angka proporsi TB paru pada pasien PPOK di RSUP Persahabatan Jakarta.Metode: desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang. Pasien PPOK (belum diobati dengan obat anti tuberkulosis) yang berkunjung di poliklinik Asma/PPOK RSUP Persahabatan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi.Subjek diperiksa dahak BTA dan pemeriksaan Xpert MTB/RIF. Saat pasien berkunjung, dilakukan anamnesis gejala, eksaserbasi, riwayat merokok, penggunaan kortikosteroid (oral atau inhalasi), komorbid, skor CAT, penilaian status gizi, spirometri dan foto toraks. Semua data dilakukan analisis dengan uji chisquare.Hasil: subjek terbanyak adalah laki-laki (97,3%) dengan kelompok usia 60-79 tahun (74,3%), dengan komorbid terbanyak penyakit jantung (41,9%), gejala klinis terbanyak batuk berdahak (81,1%). Berdasarkan derajat PPOK terbanyak adalah GOLD 3 (44,6%) dan frekuensi eksaserbasi tersering 0-1 (78,4%) dengan menggunakan steroid sebanyak 59,5%. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan pemeriksaan dahak BTA positif 1,4% dan Xpert MTB/RIF positif 2,7%, artinya pemeriksaan Xpert MTB/RIF mempunyai angka kepositifan lebih tinggi dibanding dahak BTA. Dalam penelitian ini didapatkan proporsi TB paru pada pasien PPOK sebanyak 2,7%.Dalam Penelitian ini tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna secara statistik antara derajat PPOK, status gizi, penggunaan kortikosteroid, status merokok dengan prevalens TB paru pada pasien PPOK (p > 0,05).Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hubungan bermakna pada frekuensi eksaserbasi PPOK, hasil pemeriksaan dahak BTA dan hasil pemeriksaan Xpert MTB/RIF dengan proporsi TB paru (p < 0,05).Kesimpulan: proporsi TB pada pasien PPOK di RSUP Persahabatan Jakarta adalah 2,7%. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara frekuensi eksaserbasi PPOK dengan proporsi TB paru pada pasien PPOK (p = 0,0006). Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara hasil pemeriksaan dahak BTA dan hasil pemeriksaan Xpert MTB/RIF dengan proporsi TB paru pada pasien PPOK dengan nilai p < 0,05 (p = 0,000).

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ABSTRACTChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Some of the risk factors for COPD are also risk factors for tuberculosis (TB). Some studies abroad have found the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in COPD patients were 2.6 - 10%. There are no data on the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis patients with COPD in Indonesia, particularly in The Department of Pulmonology PersahabatanHospital, Jakarta. Objective: the purpose of this study is to obtain proportion of pulmonary TB in COPD patients in The Department of Pulmonology Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study. COPD patients (anti-tuberculosis drugs naive) who visit the Asthma/COPD clinic PersahabatanHospital which meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects went through acid-fast bacilli sputum smear and Xpert MTB/RIF examination. On patients visit, symptoms, exacerbations history, history of smoking, use of corticosteroids (oral or inhaled), comorbidities, CAT scores, assessment of nutritional status, spirometry and chest X-ray data had been obtained. All data were analyzed with chi-square test. Results: most subjects were male (97.3%) in the age group 60-79 years (74.3%), with mostly found comorbid was heart disease (41.9%), and mostly found clinical symptoms was productive cough (81.1%). Based on classification of COPD is GOLD 3 (44.6%) and the most exacerbation frequency was 0-1 (78.4%) with 59.5% history of steroid usage. In this study, examination of AFB sputum smear positive 1.4% and the Xpert MTB/RIF positive 2.7%, It shows Xpert MTB/RIF examination has a higher positivity rate than AFB sputum smear. The proportion of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with COPD was 2.7%. We also found no statistically significant relationship between classification of COPD, nutritional status, use of corticosteroids, smoking status with the proportion of pulmonary tuberculosis in COPD patients (p> 0.05) but we found a significant difference in the exacerbations frequency of COPD, the results of sputum smear examination and the results of Xpert MTB/RIF with proportion of pulmonary TB (p <0.05).Conclusion: the proportion of tuberculosis in patients with COPD in The Department of PulmonologyPersahabatan Hospital Jakarta is 2.7%. There is astatistically significant difference between the frequency of exacerbations of COPD with proportion of pulmonary TB in patients with COPD (p = 0.0006). An association is statistically significant different between the results of sputum smear examination and the results of Xpert MTB/RIF with the proportion of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with COPD with a value of p <0.05 (p = 0.000)., Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity andmortality in the world. Some of the risk factors for COPD are also risk factors fortuberculosis (TB). Some studies abroad have found the prevalence of pulmonarytuberculosis in COPD patients were 2.6 - 10%. There are no data on the prevalence ofpulmonary tuberculosis patients with COPD in Indonesia, particularly in The Departmentof Pulmonology Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta. Objective: the purpose of this study is toobtain proportion of pulmonary TB in COPD patients in The Department of PulmonologyPersahabatan Hospital, Jakarta. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study. COPD patients(anti-tuberculosis drugs naive) who visit the Asthma/COPD clinic Persahabatan Hospitalwhich meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects went through acid-fast bacillisputum smear and Xpert MTB/RIF examination. On patients visit, symptoms,exacerbations history, history of smoking, use of corticosteroids (oral or inhaled),comorbidities, CAT scores, assessment of nutritional status, spirometry and chest X-raydata had been obtained. All data were analyzed with chi-square test. Results: mostsubjects were male (97.3%) in the age group 60-79 years (74.3%), with mostly foundcomorbid was heart disease (41.9%), and mostly found clinical symptoms was productivecough (81.1%). Based on classification of COPD is GOLD 3 (44.6%) and the mostexacerbation frequency was 0-1 (78.4%) with 59.5% history of steroid usage. In thisstudy, examination of AFB sputum smear positive 1.4% and the Xpert MTB/RIF positive2.7%, It shows Xpert MTB/RIF examination has a higher positivity rate than AFBsputum smear. The proportion of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with COPD was2.7%. We also found no statistically significant relationship between classification ofCOPD, nutritional status, use of corticosteroids, smoking status with the proportion ofpulmonary tuberculosis in COPD patients (p> 0.05) but we found a significant differencein the exacerbations frequency of COPD, the results of sputum smear examination andthe results of Xpert MTB/RIF with proportion of pulmonary TB (p <0.05). Conclusion:the proportion of tuberculosis in patients with COPD in The Department of PulmonologyPersahabatan Hospital Jakarta is 2.7%. There is a statistically significant differencebetween the frequency of exacerbations of COPD with proportion of pulmonary TB inpatients with COPD (p = 0.0006). An association is statistically significant differentbetween the results of sputum smear examination and the results of Xpert MTB/RIF with the proportion of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with COPD with a value of p <0.05 (p = 0.000).]"

"Penyakit Tuberkulosis paru TB paru masih menjadi penyebab tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian di dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Angka penemuan kasus TB paru di wilayah Kecamatan Duren Sawit berada di urutan ketiga tertinggi yang ada di Kotamadya Jakarta Timur, yaitu mencapai 249 jiwa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru.Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah kasus kontrol dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 110 responden. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 55 kelompok kasus dan 55 kelompok kontrol. Sampel yang digunakan adalah pasien yang terdata dan terdiagnosa sesuai dengan konfirmasi laboratorium di Puskesmas. Sampel berusia minimal 15 tahun, bertempat tinggal di wilayah Kecamatan Duren Sawit dan tidak merenovasi rumah sebelum terdiagnosa TB paru. Kriteria kasus adalah pasien Puskesmas yang terdiagnosa TB paru BTA sedangkan kriteria kelompok kontrol adalah pasien Puskesmas yang dinyatakan TB paru BTA - oleh petugas Puskesmas.Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian TB paru di wilayah Kecamatan Duren Sawit adalah jenis kelamin OR 4,3; 95 CI 1,9-9,9 , tingkat pendidikan OR 4,2; 95 CI 1,9-9,4 , pekerjaan OR 3,2; 95 CI 1,3-7,7 , perilaku merokok OR 3,3; 95 CI 1,5-7,6 , pencahayaan OR 17,5; 95 CI 6,0-51,1 , suhu OR 6,6; 95 CI 2,9-15,4 , kepadatan hunian OR 9,5; 95 CI 4,0-22,6.

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Pulmonary tuberculosis TB is still the cause of the high number of morbidity and mortality in the world, including Indonesia. The number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases found in Duren Sawit subdistrict is the third highest in East Jakarta, reaching 249 people. The purpose of this study is to analyze factors related to pulmonary TB occurance.The research design used was case control with total 110 respondents. The study sample consisted of 55 case groups and 55 control groups. The samples used were patients who were recorded and diagnosed in accordance with laboratory confirmation at the Puskesmas Central Public Health . The sample is at least 15 years old, living in Duren Sawit sub district and not renovating the house before being diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Case criteria were Puskesmas Central Public Health patients who were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis while the control group criteria were Puskesmas Central Public Health patients who have been declared pulmonary TB AFB by Puskesmas Central Public Health officers.The results of this study indicated that the risk factors affecting pulmonary TB occurance in Duren Sawit sub district are gender OR 4.3, 95 CI 1.9 9.9 , education level OR 4.2, 95 CI 1.9 9.4 , occupations OR 3.2, 95 CI 1.3 7.7 , smoking behavior OR 3.3, 95 CI 1.5 7.6 , exposure OR 9,5 95 CI 6,0 51,1 , temperature OR 6,6,95 CI 2,9 15,4 , occupancy density OR 9,5 95 CI 4, 0 22,6. "

"ABSTRACTIn the Introduction an explanation is given of the purpose of this study: firstly: to give a critical review of the case-histories of 40 patients, who in the period between the first of October 1954 and mid-February 1956 were operated upon in the "St. Borromeus Hospital" at Bandung with the resection-therapy for their tuberculosis of the lungs. Secondly : to present a discussion of the treatment of these patients before and after the operation; of the operative technique which I have used and of the many complications that followed. Thirdly : to venture a speculation as to the place, which the resection-therapy in the future may occupy in the treatment of tuberculosis of the lungs in Indonesia.Hereafter some considerations are given about the "lung-team" and about the difficulties and imperfections in the work at Bandung. :1.the scarcity of sufficient sanatorium-beds and our efforts towards a solution of this problem.2.the impossibility in Bandung of determining the resistance of the tubercle bacilli against the tuberculostatica.3.the impossibility of making bronchospirometrical researches of the function of the lungs.In Chapter I a description is given of the normal course of events in the St. Borromeus Hospital when a patient is taken into the hospital to undergo a resection operation. A detailed report is given of the technique of the operation. In the second part of this chapter a discussion is produced, starting with a review of the indications and contra-indications. Before discussing the scheme of indications an extensive review is made of the particular circumstances reigning in the field of the tuberculosis in Indonesia, which have in a considerable way influenced our indications.I deem the following 7 factors of the greatest importance1.The social circumstances of most of our tuberculous patients.2.The comparative scarcity of lung specialists in Indonesia.3.The comparative scarcity of available sanatoriumbeds.4.The impossibility of determining the resistance of tuberclebacilli against streptomycine, P.A.S. and T.N.H.5.The impossibility of making bronchospirometrical lung-function determinations.6.Our preference for resectiontherapy against thoracoplasty.7.The fear to operate in the case of bilateral tuberculous processes,when a longstanding observation of the patient by a lungspecialist has been impossible."

"TB merupakan penyebab utama kematian yang kedua setelah Human Imunnodeficiency Virus (HIV). Sekitar 80 % dari kasus TB yang dilaporkan, terjadi di 22 negara pada tahun 2013. Di pasar minggu kasus TB terus meningkat secara signifikan. Pada tahun tahun 2014 terjadi 332 kasus TB paru BTA (+). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor - faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TB Paru BTA positif di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Pasar Minggu Pada Tahun 2015, meliputi umur, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, pendidikan, status ekonomi, status gizi, kepadatan serumah dan sekamar tidur, ventilasi rumah dan kamar tidur, cahaya matahari masuk rumah dan kamar tidur, sumber penular, dan perilaku merokok. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan studi kasus kontrol, sampel penelitian adalah penderita TB Paru BTA positif berusia ≥ 15 tahun dan tercatat dalam buku register TB dari seluruh puskesmas di Kecamatan Pasar Minggu pada bulan januari - September 2015, dan tetangga terdekat dari kasus (penderita TB) yang berusia ≥ 15 tahun. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis univariat dan bivariat. Dari hasil analisis bivariat, variabel yang berhubungan signifikan secara statistik dengan kejadian TB adalah jenis kelamin (OR=3,07), status ekonomi (OR=5,71), status gizi (OR=23,58), dan, cahaya matahari masuk kamar (OR=5,3).

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TB is the second leading cause of death after Imunnodeficiency Human Virus (HIV). Approximately 80% of TB cases were reported, occurred in 22 countries in 2013. In the Pasar Minggu of TB cases continued to rise significantly. In the year 2014 occurred 332 cases of pulmonary TB BTA (+). This study aims to identify factors related to the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive in Puskesmas Subdistrict Pasar Minggu In 2015, included age, sex, occupation, education, economic status, nutritional status, overcrowding at home and roommates sleep, ventilation houses and bedrooms, solar light into the house and bedroom, a source of transmitting and smoking behavior.

This research was conducted with the approach of case-control studies, the study sample was patients with pulmonary TB smear-positive individuals aged ≥ 15 years and recorded in the register of TB from all health centers in the district Pasar Minggu in January ? September 2015, and the nearest neighbor of cases (TB) which aged ≥ 15 years. Data was analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyzes. From the results of the bivariate analysis, the variables associated with a statistically significant incidence of TB is gender (OR = 3.07), economic status (OR = 5.71), nutritional status (OR = 23.58), and, incoming sunlight room (OR = 5.3)."

"Tuberculosis Paru merupakan salah satu penyakit kronis yang harus mendapat perhatian untuk segera diatasi dan ditangani. Di Indonesia strategi untuk menanggulanginya dengan Directly Observed Treatment Shorcourse chemotherapy (DOTS) telah dilaksanakan di 7.349 Puskesmas (97 %).Keberhasilan penanggulangan Program Tuberculosis Paru terkait erat antara komitmen dan pendanaan. Apabila dapat dijalankan dengan baik akan memberi keuntungan secara ekonomis. Mengingat alokasi pembiayaan kesehatan baru mencapai 3,93 % APBD Kabupaten Bengkayang. Maka untuk memberikan advokasi perlu dilakukan evaluasi ekonomi terhadap program kesehatan, salah satunya dengan CEA (Cost Effectiveness Analysis). Kondisi geografis sepesifik Kabupaten Bengkayang terdiri dari daerah pantai, kepulauan, pedaiaman, perkotaan, perbatasan dan tertinggal. Maka untuk lebih memberikan gambaran apakah pembiayaan kesehatan sudah sesuai dengan karakteristik daerah dilakukanlah studi kasus analisis efektifitas biaya penemuan dan pengobatan penderita tuberculosis pant dengan konseling/penyuluhan dan Pengawas menelan Obat (PMO) anggota keluarga dan petugas kesehatan dengan tanpa konseling dan PMO hanya anggota keluarga di Puskesmas Pantai dan Puskesmas Perbatasan. Untuk mengetahui komitmen anggaran dilakukan penggalian pendapat 1 pandangan kepada pengambil keputusan.Disain penelitian adalah kuantitatif. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan basil cost effectiveness ratio penemuan dan pengobatan penderita tuberculosis paru dengan konseling/penyuluhan dan PMO anggota keluarga dan petugas kesehatan dengan tanpa konseling dan PMO hanya anggota keluarga di Puskesmas Pantai dan Puskesmas Perbatasan. Pengumpulan data primer berupa observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan pengambil keputusan. Data sekunder dengan telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian studi kasus ini menunjukkan bahwa komponen terbesar biaya penemuan dan pengobatan penderita tuberculosis paru dengan konseling/penyuluhan dan PMO anggota keluarga dan petugas kesehatan serta tanpa konseling dan PMVIO hanya anggota keluarga adalah biaya operasional sebesar 57,53 % di Puskesmas Sungai Duri (63,27 % gaji dan 17,01 % bahan habis pakai), sebesar 64,67 % di Puskesmas Sungai Raya (78,50 % gaji dan 10,87 % bahan habis pakai), sebesar 65,80 % di Puskesmas Jagoi Babang (90,34 % gaji dan 5,23 % bahan habis pakai) dan sebesar 32,66 % di Puskesmas Seluas (77,83 % gaji dan 12,50 % bahan habis pakai). Penemuan dan pengobatan penderita Tuberculosis Pam dengan metode konseling dan PMO di Puskesmas Pantai lebih efektif dibandingkan Puskesmas Perbatasan. Hampir semua pengambil keputusan menyatakan dukungan terhadap pembiayaan program kesehatan dan efektifitas tergantung pada SDM, sarana dan prasarana, serta pembiayaan kesehatan.Dalam pelaksanaan program tuberculosis part' di Puskesmas perlu didukung adanya konselinglpenyuluhan dan PMO tenaga kesehatan. Sosialisasi SPM dan hasil studi kasus sebagai bahan evaluasi dan advokasi dalam penyususnan anggaran APBD 2007. Dan efektifitas pelaksanaan program digunakan sebagai dasar dalam penentuan Kebijakan Umum Anggaran (KU A) APBD Kabupaten Bengkayang.

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Lungs tuberculosis is one of the chronic diseases that have to be noticed then handled and overcome earlier. Overcome strategy by Directly Observed Treatment Shorcourse chemotherapy (DOTS) had conducted in 7.349 Puskesmas (97 %).

Lungs Tuberculosis Program overcome efficacy related with commitment and funding. If conducted well, it will give benefit economically. Remembering health funding alloction recently reach 3,93 % of Bengkayang Regency APBD. Therefore to give advocated need economic evaluation toward health program, one of them is CEA (Cost Effectiveness Analysis). Specific geographical condition of Bengkayang Regency consist of coast, island, hinterland, urban, border and remains. Therefore to give view that health defrayal is appropriate with district characteristic conducted case study of cost effectiveness analysis case detection patient and lungs tuberculosis medication patient with conselling and PMO with family and health provider without no conselling and PMO by family only in Coastal Puskesmas and Border Puskesmas. To find the budget commitment conduct opinionlview delve toward decision maker.

Research design is quantitative. Research aim is to find cost effectiveness ratio result of patien and lungs tuberculosis medication invention in Coastal Puskesmas and Border Puskesmas. Primary data gathering was in observation and circumstantial interview with decision maker. Secondary data by document study.

This case study research result shows that total cost of case detection and TB Lungs Medication Patient by conselling and PMO with family and health provider with by no conselling and PMO with family only is operasional cost is 57,53 % in Puskesmas Sungai Duri (63,2 % salary and 17,01 % substance used up wear), 64,67 % in Puskesmas Sungai Raya (78,50 % salary and 10,87 % substance used up wear), 65,80 % in Puskesmas Jagoi Babang (90,34 % salary and 5,23 % substance used up wear) and 32,66 % in Puskesmas Seluas (77,83 % salary and 12,50 % substance used up wear). Case detection patient and Lungs TB Medication Patient with Cancelling and PMO Methode in Coastal Puskesmas is more effective with Border Puskesmas. Almost all decision maker express that effectiveness depends on SDM, tools and infrastructure, and also health financing.

Program execution in Puskesmas with concelling and PMO with health provider, SPM Socialization and deciding budget allocation need to play attention to program conducting effectiveness evaluation and advocating on in desition to budget APBD 2007. And effectivness execution programme used by decision elementary in policy budget general Bengkayang Regency APBD."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur peran pengetahuan terhadap perilaku pencarian pengobatan penderita suspek TB Paru setelah dikontrol oleh umur, jenis kelamin, status perkawinan, status pekerjaan, tingkat pendidikan, jarak dan waktu tempuh ke Puskesmas dan RS. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional yang menggunakan data sekunder hasil survei Pengetahuan Sikap Perilaku (PSP-TB) 2010. Sampel penelitian adalah anggota keluarga yang berumur ≥ 15 tahun yang mengalami gejala TB Paru sebanyak 443 responden. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa ada hubungan antara peran pengetahuan penderita suspek TB Paru dengan Perilaku Pencarian Pengobatan TB Paru di Indonesia setelah dikontrol pekerjaan (OR=2,3, CI=1,349-3,952). Serta adanya interaksi antara pengetahuan dan pekerjaan.

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This study aims to quantify the role of knowledge on treatment seeking behavior of patients with suspected pulmonary TB after controlled by age, gender, marital status, employment status, education level, distance and travel time to health center and hospital. The study was a quantitative study with cross sectional design using secondary data of Knowledge Attitudes Behaviour (PSP-TB) Survey 2010. Research sample is a sample of respondents aged ≥ 15 years with symptoms of pulmonary TB as many as 443 respondents. Based on the results of the study found there is a relationship between the role of knowledge of patients with suspected pulmonary TB with treatment seeking Behavior of Pulmonary TB in Indonesia after controlled by variable of employment status (OR = 2.3, CI = 1.349 to 3.952), and there is interaction between knowledge and employment status."

"Skripsi ini membahas terjadinya peningkatan kejadian kasus Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) di Kota Sukabumi dan belum diketahuinya pola penyebaran penyakit Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) dengan analisis spasial berdasarkan faktor kependudukan dan pelayanan kesehatan, bertujuan untuk mengetahui analisis spasial kejadian Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) di Kota Sukabumi tahun 2010-2012. Penelitian menggunakan desain studi ekologi jenis multiple group dengan time trend menggunakan pendekatan analisis spasial. Hasil penelitian bahwa kasus baru dan insiden Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) di Kota Sukabumi tahun 2010-2012 meningkat dan cenderung mengikuti pola persebaran kepadatan penduduk, jumlah fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan dan jumlah tenaga kesehatan. Dari hasil penelitian ini menyarankan agar program pemberantasan dan pengendalian penyakit Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) sebaiknya diprioritaskan pada wilayah dengan kepadatan penduduk tinggi.

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This essay discusses the increased incidence of pulmonary Tuberculosis cases of Acid-Resistant Bacteria (+) in Sukabumi and not knowing the pattern of spread of disease pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid-Resistant Bacteria (+) with a spatial analysis based on demographic factors and health services, spatial analysis aimed to determine the incidence of pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid–Resistant Bacteria (+) Sukabumi in 2010-2012. Research design using multiple types of ecological study group with a time trend using spatial analysis approach.

The results of that study and the incidence of new cases of pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid–Resistant Bacteria (+) in Sukabumi in 2010-2012 increased and tend to follow the pattern of distribution of population density, the number of health care facilities and health workers. From the results of this study suggest that eradication programs and disease control pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid–Resistant Bacteria (+) should be prioritized in areas with high population density."

"Tuberkulosis merupakan masalah utama kesehatan masyarakat Indonesia. Tuberkulosis dapat ditanggulangi dengan kepatuhan klien dalam menyelesaikan pengobatan. Perilaku kesehatan klien tuberkulosis dapat ditingkatkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran perilaku klien TB dalam menjalankan pengobatan. Desain penelitian menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dengan 96 responden. Pengambilan sampel di lima puskesmas Kota Depok. Pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner dengan sampel penderita TB dewasa yang menjalani pengobatan kurang dari tiga bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan masih ada 39 responden yang belum siap menjalankan pengobatan. Hal ini dilihat dari komponen persepsi terhadap keseriusan responden terhadap penyakit. Penelitian ini dapat dilakukan di wilayah yang berbeda.

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Tuberculosis is a major health problem in Indonesia. Tuberculosis can be overcome by clients' compliance. This study aimed to describe tuberculosis clients? health behavior on undergoing treatment. A descriptive method with purposive sampling technique applied to 96 respondents. Samples were recruited from five community health centers in Depok, who have treatment less than three months. Data was retrieved by questionnaire. Result showed that 39 respondents who are not ready to undergo the treatment. It is seen from the component of respondents' perception to the seriousness of the disease. It is suggested to increase socialization of tuberculosis treatment."