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"Objective: To examine the direct effect of type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor (sildenafil), nitric oxide-donor (sodium nitroprusside) and their combination on human spermatozoa in vitro.Method: Semen samples were collected by masturbation after 3 days of abstinence from donors presenting for infertility evaluation at Imunoendocrinology Labolatory. Samples were divided into normospermia and asthenospermia. Each group were washed on discontinuous density gradient (Percoll 45% and 90%) at 300g for 20 minutes, then resuspended in capacitation media containing Ham's F10. Aliquots of 10x106 spermatozoa were reacted with PDE5 inhibitor, NO-donor, their combination, and also Pentoxyphylline (non-selective PDE) in different doses (0.1,1 and 10 umol). Minimally 6 samples were test for each dose. After 1 hour incubation at 37°C, 5% CO2 in air, microscopic analyses were performed to count motility. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test difference among the means.Result: There were 27 normospemia samples and 24 asthenospermia samples. In normopsermia group, Sildenafil, NO-donor and their combination increase spermatozoa motility significantly if compare to their blank (p 0.023,0.015,0.006). Sildenafil caused dose-dependent increase in spermatozoa motility. Low dose NO-donor increase motility. Combination of Sildenafil and NO-donor could not increase motility better than Sildenafil or NO-donor alone. Sildenafil or NO-donor increase motility higher than Pentoxyphylline. In asthenospermia group, Sildenafil, NO-donor, Sildenafil+NO-donor, and Pentoxyphylline increase motility compare to their blank, but there were no significant difference.Conclusion: Sildenafil, NO-donor and their combination increase spermatozoa motility significantly if compare to their blank. NO-donor could not enhance the effect of Sildenafil to increase motility."

"Pendahuluan: nitrogen oksida menginduksi relaksasi otot polos dan menyebabkan peningkatan guanosisn monofosfat siklik (cGMP) dalam otot polos. Peningkatan ini terjadi melalui perangsangan guanilat sikiase. Sildenafil adalah penghambat cGMP-fosfodiesterase tipe V (PDE V) yang poten dan selektif. Yang merupakan isoenzim pemetabolis cGMP dalam korpus kavernsosum. cGMP adalah messenger nitrogen oksida kedua dan mediator utama relaksasi dan vasodilasi otot polos dalam penis.Tujuan : penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efikasi antara donor oksda nitrat, inhibitor spesifik PDE V dengan kombinasinya terhadap relaksasi korpus kavernosum kelinci. Lembaran korpus kavernosum keilnci yang diisolasi dirangsang secara isosimetris dengan fenilefrin. Relakasasi bertingkat diinduksi dengan menggunakan berbagai konsentrasi S-Nitroso-N-asetilpenisilamin (SNAP) sildenafil sitrat dan kombinasinya. Signifikansi statistik diuji melalui analisis varian satu arah (ANOVA) dan jika ada perbedaan bermakna diantara reratanya, uji akan dilanjutkan dengan komparasi multipel Benferroni.Hasil: pada 10-8 M, SNAP, sildenafil sitrat dan kombinasinya merelaksasi preparat, secara berurutan sebesar 29 + 4.8%, 46 ± 2.5%, and 36 ± 3.9%. Perbedaan ini signifikan dengan uji analisis varian (p<0.05). Hasil yang sama ditemukan pada konsentrasi 10-1M, 10-8M, and 10-5M. Dad uji komparasi Benferroni, diketahui pada konsentrasi 10'aM, 10-7M, and10-6M sildenafil sitrat dapat merelaksasi korpus kavernosum lebih besar dibandingkan dengan SNAP (p<0.05) dan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara sildenafil sitrat dengan kombinasi (p>0.05). Pada konsentrasi 10'5M, kombinasi SNAP dan sildenafil sitrat dapat merelaksasikan korpus kavernosum lebih baik dibandingkan dengan SNAP saja (p<0.05), namun tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kombinasi dengan sildenafil sitrat saja (p>0.05).Kesimpulan: kombinasi SNAP dan sildenafil sitrat pada konsentrasi tinggi memberikan hasil yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan SNAP saja. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan bila dibandingkan dengan sildenafil sitrat saja.

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Introduction: Nitric oxide induces smooth muscle relaxation by causing an increase of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) within the smooth muscle cell by stimulating guanylate cyclase. Sildenafil is a potent and selective inhibitor of cyclic-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase type V, the predominant isoenzyme metabolizing cyclic GMP in corpus cavernosum. Cyclic GMP is the second messenger of nitric oxide and a principal mediator of smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilatation in the penis.

Aim: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy between nitric oxide donor, specific phosphodiesterase type V and its combination on the relaxation of rabbit corpus cavernosum.

Material and Methods: Isolated strips of rabbit corpus cavernosum were stimulated isometrically with phenylephrine. Graded relaxations were induced using various concentrations of S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), sildenafil citrate and its combination. Statistical significance was tested by the one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if there was a difference among the means, the test will be continued with a multiple comparissons of Benferroni.

Results: At 10-8 M, SNAP, sildenafil citrate and it's combination relaxed the preparation by 29 ± 4.8%, 46 + 2.5%, and 36 ± 3.9% respectively. The difference was significant by analisis of variance test (p<0.05). The same result was found at concentration 10'7M, 10-5M, and 10-5M concentration. From a multiple comparisson of Benferroni test, it was known that in concentration of 10-5M, 10' 'M, and10-6M the sildenafil citrate can relaxed the corpus cavernosum higher than SNAP (p<0.05) and there was no difference between sildenafil citrate and combination (p>0.05). In the concentration of 10"5M, the combination of SNAP and sildenafil citrate can relaxed the corpus cavernosum higher than SNAP alone significantly (p<0.05) but there was no significant difference between combination and sildenafil citrate (p>0.05).

Conclusions: Combination of SNAP and sildenafil citrate gave a significant result in a high concentration compared to SNAP alone but there were no significant difference compared to Sildenafil citrate alone."

"Latar belakang. Spermatozoa pada dasarnya merupakan sel yang inaktif secara transkripsi maupun translasi, sehingga dibutuhkan serangkaian perubahan pasca translasi untuk meregulasi fungsi sel tersebut sehingga mampu membuahi sel telur. Salah satu perubahan tersebut adalah proses kapasitasi yang ditandai dengan meningkatnya fosforilasi protein-protein pada residu tirosin. Testosteron telah diketahui memiliki efek non genomik pada sel, dan diketahui pula bahwa pada spermatozoa yang telah diejakulasikan terdapat reseptor androgen yang terlokalisasi di bagian ekor spermatozoa. Namun, pengaruh testosteron terhadap peningkatan kapasitasi spermatozoa yang telah diejakulasikan belum banyak diketahui. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek penambahan testosteron terhadap parameter-parameter yang berkaitan dengan proses kapasitasi spermatozoa yang dilakukan secara In vitro. Metode. Sampel semen didapatkan dari 15 donor pria normozoospermia, yang di inkubasi dengan testosteron dengan delapan kosentrasi berbeda, yaitu 0, 25 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 dan 1000 ng/mL selama 60 menit dan 120 menit. Terdapat 5 parameter yang diukur yakni viabilitas dan motilitas dengan menghitung persentase dari 100 sel; integritas membran dengan uji Hypo-osmotic swelling; fosforilasi protein residu tirosin dengan teknik western blot; dan lokalisasinya dideteksi dengan teknik imunositokimia. Hasil kemudian dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan program SPSS. Hasil. Pengukuran efek testosteron terhadap lima parameter yang diukur memiliki pola yang sama. Viabilitas, motilitas, integritas membran dan fosforilasi protein residu tirosin memiliki kecenderungan meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi, optimum pada konsentrasi 100-250 ng/mL, namun mengalami kecenderungan penurunan pada inkubasi 500-1000 ng/mL. Peningkatan persentase pada viabilitas pada kelompok kontrol sebesar 49% dan meningkat menjadi 57% pada konsentrasi 250 ng/mL; persentase motilitas meningkat dari 49% menjadi 56%; persentase sperma yang baik integritas membrannya meningkat dari 51% menjadi 55%; dan spermatozoa yang terfosforilasi protein residu tirosinnya meningkat dari 24% menjadi 53%. Akan tetapi, kecenderungan peningkatan tersebut secara statistik tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan (p>0,05). Kesimpulan. Testosteron cenderung meningkatkan Viabilitas, Motilitas, Integritas Membran, dan fosforilasi residu tirosin pada protein spermatozoa.

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Background. Spermatozoa depends on post translational modifications to regulate its function. They have to undergo a series of processes called capacitation that make it capable of fertilizing the oocyte.. Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues is one of the post translational modifications which constitute characteristic of capacitation. Testosterone has been known to have non-genomic effects on cells, However, the effect of testosterone on the sperm capacitation has not been known. Therefore, this study is aimed to analyze the effect of the addition of testosterone on sperm capacitation in vitro.

Method. Semen samples are obtained from 15 male normozoospermic donors, incubated with testosterone with eight different concentrations; 0 ng/mL, 25 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL, 250 ng/mL, 500 ng/mL, 750 ng/mL and 1000 ng/mL in 60 minutes and 120 minutes. There are five parameters measured include the viability and motility by calculate the percentage of the 100 cells; membrane integrity with Hypo-osmotic swelling test; Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of proteins by western blot technique; and its localization detected by immunocytochemistry technique. The results were analyzed statistically using SPSS.

Results. Measurement of testosterone effects of five measured parameters has the same pattern. Viability, motility, membrane integrity and phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of protein have tendency to increase in higher concentration. The optimum concentration is 100-250 ng/mL, whereas the tendency to decrease at the concentration 500-1000 ng/mL. The percentage of viability in the control group is 49% and increased to 57% at 250 ng/mL concentration; the percentage of motility increased from 49% to 56%; the percentage of sperm membrane integrity increased from 51% to 55%; and the percentage of phosphorylation of tyrosine residues increased from 24% to 53%. However, the increasing trend is statistically not significant (p>0.05).

Conclusion. Testosterone tends to increase the viability, motility, membrane integrity, and also phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of proteins in sperm cells."

"Infertilitas pada pria dialami lebih kurang 30 juta orang serta berkontribusi terhadap 20-30% kasus infertilitas di seluruh dunia. Salah satu penyebab infertilitas pada pria adalah tingginya kadar reactive oxygen species. Kuda laut (Hippocampus comes L.) memiliki senyawa asam amino yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antioksidan sehingga berpotensi untuk meningkatkan motilitas dan viabilitas spermatozoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak kuda laut (Hippocampus comes L.) terhadap motilitas dan viabilitas spermatozoa manusia secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan spermatozoa manusia yang tidak diberi perlakuan sebagai kontrol dan perlakuan konsentrasi ekstrak 750, 1.000, 3.000, dan 5.000 ppm serta diinkubasi pada spermatozoa manusia selama 24 jam. Motilitas serta viabilitas spermatozoa diperiksa sebelum diberikan ekstrak dan pada jam ke-1, 3, dan 24 setelah pemberian ekstrak. Motilitas spermatozoa dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan dilanjutkan dengan uji post-hoc Dunn. Viabilitas spermatozoa dianalisis dengan uji One-Way ANOVA dilanjutkan dengan uji post-hoc Dunnett. Hubungan antara konsentrasi ekstrak dan waktu inkubasi terhadap motilitas dan viabilitas spermatozoa dianalisis menggunakan uji Spearman-rho. Motilitas cenderung meningkat pada jam ke-1 setelah pemberian konsentrasi ekstrak 1.000 ppm (p=0,171;p>0,05) dan jam ke-24 setelah pemberian konsentrasi ekstrak 3.000 ppm (p=0,121;p>0,05). Viabilitas meningkat pada jam ke-24 setelah pemberian konsentrasi ekstrak 1.000 ppm (p=0,013;p<0,05) dan 3.000 ppm (p=0,016;p<0,05). Peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak berkorelasi negatif dengan motilitas spermatozoa pada jam ke-3 (p=0,000;r=-0,818) dan berkorelasi positif viabilitas spermatozoa pada jam ke-24 (p=0,010;r=0,639). Peningkatan waktu inkubasi berkorelasi negatif terhadap motilitas spermatozoa (p=0,003;r=-0,783) dan viabilitas spermatozoa (p=0,010;r=-0,653). Pemberian ekstrak kuda laut (Hippocampus comes L.) dapat meningkatkan motilitas dan viabilitas spermatozoa manusia.

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Male infertility is experienced by approximately 30 million people and contributes to 20-30% of infertility cases worldwide. One of the causes of male infertility is the high level of reactive oxygen species. The seahorse (Hippocampus comes L.) contains amino acid compounds that can function as antioxidants, potentially enhancing spermatozoa motility and viability. This study aims to investigate the effect of seahorse extract (Hippocampus comes L.) on the motility and viability of human spermatozoa in vitro. The study used untreated human spermatozoa as the control and treated them with different concentrations of seahorse extract (750, 1,000, 3,000, and 5,000 ppm), incubating them for 24 hours. Motility and viability of spermatozoa were examined before the extract was administered and at the 1st, 3rd, and 24th hour after the extract was given. Motility of spermatozoa was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and followed by the post-hoc Dunn test. Viability of spermatozoa was analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and followed by the post-hoc Dunnett test. Correlation between extract concentration and incubation time on motility and viability was analyzed using the Spearman-rho test. Motility tended to increase at the 1st hour after the administration of 1.000 ppm extract (p=0.171;p>0.05) and at the 24th hour after the administration of 3,000 ppm extract (p=0.121; p>0.05). Viability increased at the 24th hour after the administration of 1,000 ppm (p=0.013; p<0.05) and 3,000 ppm (p=0.016; p<0.05) extract. An increase in extract concentration was negatively correlated with spermatozoa motility at the 3rd hour (p=0.000;r=-0.818) and positively correlated with spermatozoa viability at the 24th hour (p=0.010;r=0.639) while incubation time both negatively correlated with spermatozoa motility (p=0.003; r=-0.783) and viability (p=0.010; r=-0.653). In conclusion, in vitro administration of seahorse extract (Hippocampus comes L.) can enhance the motility and viability of human spermatozoa."

"LATAR BELAKANG : Salah satu hambatan dalam program reproduksi berbantu adalah rendahnya viabilitas dan motilitas sel spermatozoa. Analisis proteomik menunjukkan adanya banyak protein yang diduga berperan dalam regulasi motilitas dan viabilitas spermatozoa antara lain progesteron. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek prosurvival progesteron terhadap spermatozoa melalui penekanan apoptosis.BAHAN DAN CARA KERJA : Sampel spermatozoa dicuci dengan sentrifugasi gradient. Sampel spermatozoa di tambahkan progesteron dengan konsentrasi 0 kontrol , 250, 500, 750 dan 1000 ng/mL. Setelah perlakuan, sampel dilakukan pemeriksaan integritas membran dengan metode HOS dan pemeriksaan motilitas dengan Computer Assisted Sperm Analyzer CASA . Deteksi protein fosforilasi tirosin dan Akt serta aktivitas kaspase dilakukan dengan metode western blot.HASIL : Efek penambahan progesteron meningkatkan rerata motilitas spermatozoa namun berbeda tidak bermakna p>0.05 . Integritas membran spermatozoa tidak berpengaruh pada pemberian progesteron. Analisis western blot menunjukkan peningkatan fosforilasi protein tirosin antara kelompok kontrol dan setelah diberikan progesteron p>0.05 . Demikian halnya dengan hasil fosforilasi protein Akt juga mengalami peningkatan pada kelompok kontrol dan setelah diberikan progesteron berbagai dosis. Aktivitas kaspase-3 mengalami penurunan bila dibandingkan antara kelompok kontrol dan setelah diberikan progesteron p

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BACKGROUND One of the obstacles in assisted reproduction programs is the low viability and motility of spermatozoa cells. Proteomic analysis indicates that many proteins are thought to play a role in the regulation of motility and viability of spermatozoa, among others, progesterone. This study aims to analyze the prosurvival effect of progesterone against spermatozoa through apoptosis suppression.METHODS Spermatozoa was washed with gradient centrifugation. Progesterone is added to each sample with a final concentration 0 control , 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ng mL. After the sample treatment was done, membrane integrity checking with hypoosmotic swelling test and motility examination with Computer Assisted Sperm Analyzer CASA . Detection of protein in the western blot will be done that recognizes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues and Akt and caspase activity.RESULT The effect of addition of progesterone increases sperm motility but not signicantly different p 0.05 . The integrity of the spermatozoa membrane is no effect in progesterone. Western blot analysis revealed an increase of tyrosine phosphorylation protein levels between control and after progesterone group p 0.05 . Similarly, the results of Akt protein phosphorylation also increased in control and after progesterone group. Caspase 3 activity decreased when compared between control and after progesterone group p "

"ABSTRAKRuang Iingkup dan cara penelitian : Kemampuan spermatozoa untuk mengadakan fertilisasi harus didukung oleh motilitas spermatozoa. Salah satu penyebab infertilitas adalah gangguan motilitas pada spermatozoa. Pada astenozoospermia motilitas spermatozoa menurun. Seng termasuk elemen renik (trace element). Seng sitrat dapat meningkatkan motilitas spermatozoa manusia di dalam semen in vitro. Larutan Tyrode sebagai pengencer dan serum anak sapi (calf) dapat mempertahankan motilitas dan daya hidup spermatozoa. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi larutan Tyrode, serum dan seng sitrat terhadap kualitas spermatozoa semen astenozoospermia manusia in vitro. Kualitas spermatozoa meliputi persentase spermatozoa motil dengan gerak maju dari penetrasi spermatozoa yang menembus (in vitro) getah serviks sapi masa estrus. Terlebih dahulu ditentukan waktu inkubasi yang optimum untuk meningkatkan persentase spermatozoa motil dengan gerak maju dari 5 sampel semen. Dengan waktu inkubasi optimum yang diperoleh penelitian dilanjutkan terhadap 30 sampel semen astenozoospermia pasangan ingin anak (PIA) dengan kriteria : volume > 2.5 mL; jumlah spermatozoa di dalam semen > 10 juta per mL; persentase spermatozoa motil < 50%. Masing-masing sampel semen dibagi 4, untuk kontrol (K), kontrol dengan perlakuan (Kdp), perlakuan (PI dan P2).Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Penelitian pendahuluan menunjukkan waktu inkubasi 0,5 jam berpengaruh paling baik terhadap persentase spermatozoa motil dengan gerak maju di dalam semen. Hasil penelitian lanjutan, dengan analisis varian 2 arch, menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (P < 0,01) antara persentase spermatozoa motil dengan gerak maju pada kelompok 0 dan 0,5 jam, juga antara kelompok K, Kdp, P1 dan P2. Uji BNT menunjukkan bahwa kelompok P2 setelah inkubasi 0,5 jam 37°C mempunyai persentase spermatozoa motil dengan gerak maju tertinggi. Kelompok P2 juga memperlihatkan penetrasi spermatozoa ke dalam getah serviks bertambah secara bermakna (P < 0,01)Kesimpulan : Pengaruh pemberian kombinasi larutan Tyrode, serum dan seng sitrat masing-masing larutan Tyrode sebanyak 50%, serum sebanyak 5% dan seng sitrat dosis 183 mikrogram/mL pada semen astenozoospermia in vitro dapat meningkatkan persentase spermatozoa motil dan penetrasi spermatozoa ke dalam getah serviks bertambah.

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ABSTRACT

Scope and Methods of study : The motility of spermatozoa is very important for fertilization. The disturbance of the sperm motile is one of the caused of male infertility. In the asthenozoospermia the motility of spermatozoa is descending. Zinc belong to trace element. Zinc citrate can increase motile spermatozoa in human semen in vitro. Solution of Tyrode as dilute and calf serum can stand in life and motile sperm. This study is intended to investigate the effects of combination of solution of Tyrode, serum and zinc citrate on the quality of human spermatozoa in vitro. The quality of spermatozoa consist the percentage of progressive motility and spermatozoa penetrating cervical mucus. The bovine cervical mucus in the estrous period was used instead of midcycle human cervical mucus. The optimal incubation period that can increase the percentage of progressive motility of spermatozoa was first determined on 5 semen samples. This incubation period was then used in further investigation on 30 sperm samples of asthenozoospermia from infertile men, which fulfill the criteria : volume of semen > 2,5 mL; percentage of progressive motility of spermatozoa < 50%; sperm count > 10 million per mL semen. Each semen samples was divided into 4 groups ; untreated control, treated control, treatment I and treatment 2.

Finding and conclusions : The preliminary study showed that incubation period of 0,5 hour was optimal to increase the percentage of progressive motility of spermatozoa. The follow up investigation by two way nova, showed a significant difference in the percentage of progressive motility of spermatozoa between the 0,5 hour and 0 hour incubation, and also between the four groups. BNT test showed the treatment 2 group after 0,5 hour incubation at 370C the percentage of progressive motility of spermatozoa was increased significantly (P < 0,01). Friedman's test on penetrating of spermatozoa cervical mucus showed that the treatment 2 group was increased 4 cm significantly (P<0,01).

Conclusions : The effects of combination of solution of Tyrode, serum and zinc citrate instead of solution of Tyrode 50%, serum 5% and zinc citrate 183 ug/mL on human asthenozoospermia semen in vitro, the percentage of progressive motility of spermatozoa was increased and spermatozoa penetrating cervical mucus was increased."

"ABSTRACTLevamisole is used as an anthelminthic; it is effective in the treatment of Ascaris suum infection, and it is considered to paralysethe Ascaris' muscle by inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, so the muscle is deficient in ATP. There are similarities in the contraction system of the muscle of Ascaris and the contractile system of the spermatozoa. Thus, the effect of Levamisole on the quality of human spermatozoa in vitro was studied at dosages of 2.3 no, 4.5 mg, 6.8 mg, 7.3 mg, 8.2 mg and 9.1 mg per ml of semen. The quality of spermatozoa includes motility, integrity of the plasma membrane and viability. It was ascertained to be within the required percentage. The spermatozoa was examined to see whether Levamisole could render all of them immotile within a period of 2 minutes or Less, and if they become immotile, whether Levamisole has the capacity of destroying the integrity of the plasma membrane. It was also deter-mined if the immotile spermatozoa were all nonviable. The integrity of the plasma membrane was examined by HOS test, and sperm viability was determined by eosin Y test. Human semen {43 samples) used for this study were be fertile as stipulated. by WHO and Farris.It was observed that Levamisole at the Lowest dosage (2.3 mg/ml semen) was able to reduce sperm motility; the higher the Level, the greater the effect, and at a dosage of 9.1 mglml, all the spermatozoa become immotile within less than 2 minutes. ALL the spermatozoa that become immotile Loss the integrity of the plasma membrane. In addition, the spermatozoa that had become immotile, after being washed and tested with eosin Y, were revealed to be nonviable.;A close study about the effects of the addition of zirconium (Zr) and lanthanum (La) metals on the condutivity and heat resistance of commercial purity aluminium has been carried out on the three kinds of aluminium samples consisting of commercial purity aluminium (Sample A), aluminium with the addition of Zr (Sample B), as well as aluminium with the addition of 0.04 wt % Zr and La (SampleC). The samples were made by casting and rolling processes to form a-3.52 mm wire in diameter. The electrical conductivity of the aluminium samples was determined by measuring the resistivity employing Kelvin double bridge instrument. The heat resistance properties were obtained by measuring their strength before and after heating the sample for one hour at various temperatures, and by measuring their DSC curves. To elucidate the effect of the addition of Zr and La to the properties of aluminium, their microstructures were also observed by the optical as well as electron microscopes and their lattice parameters were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The results shows that the addition of 0.04 wt.% Zr increased the heat resistance of aluminium from 85.1% to 91.0 %, however it reduces their electrical conductivity from 61.78 % IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) to 60.07 % IACS. By the addition of La into aluminium containing 0.04 % wt. %Zr, the electrical conductivity of the Sample B can be increased from 60.07 IACS to 60.80 %IACS. There is a strong indication that the increase of the heat resistance was caused by grain refinement and the second phase formation in the aluminium, whereas the increase in the electrical conductivity of aluminium was caused by a decrease in the solid solubility of impurities in the aluminium due to the addition of lanthanum elements. Based on the data from such study, the optimum heat resistance and electrical conductivity were obtainable by the addition of 0.04 wt. °A Zr and 0.13 wt. % La."

"ABSTRAKSalah satu petuniuk infertilitas pada pria adalah menurunnya motilitas spermatozoa. Beberapa hasil penelitian telah membuktikan bahwa glikosida jantung pada konsentrasi tertentu dapat meningkatkan motilitas spermatozoa hewan secara in vitro.Glikosida jantung yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah bubuk digoksin yang dilarutkan ke dalam larutan Hanks, dengan konsentrasi 10 M, 10 M, 10-10M. Pengamatan terhadap motilitas spermatozoa dilakukan setelah aktu inkubasi berjalan 20 menit, 40 menit, 60 menit, dan 80 menit. Motilitas spermatozoa ditentukan dengan cara menghitung jumlah seluruh spermatozoa pada 10 lapangan pandang yang terpisah dan dilakukan secara acak. Pada penelitian ini ingin diketahui konsentrasi terbaik dari ketiga konsentrasi digoksin tersebut yang dapat meningkatkan motilitas spermatozoa manusia secara in vitro dan waktu inkubasi terbaik untuk mempertahankan peningkatan motilitas tersebut.Dari hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa digoksin dengan konsentrasi 10-8 M dan waktu inkubasi 40 menit adalah yang terbaik untuk meningkatkan motilitas spermatozoa manusia secara in vitro.ABSTRACT"

"Telah dilakukan penelitian eksperimental untuk meningkatkan kemampuan motilitas spermatozoa manusia golongan astenozospermia dengan pemberian senyawa digoksin in vitro dengan konsentrasi 10 pangkat -6 M, 10 pangkat -8M, dan 10 pangkat -10M. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi terbaik dari ketiga konsentrasi digoksin yang digunakan. Sampel semen astenozoospermia sebanyak 6 buah diperoleh dari pria pasangan infertil yang memeriksakan diri ke Laboratorium Biologi FK-UI. Sampel-sampel tersebut dibagi ke dalam 4 kelompok yaitu kelompok eksperimen1(K1) yaitu semen yang ditambahkan larutan digoksin 10 pangkat -6 M, K2 yaitu semen ditambah larutan digoksin 10 pangkat -8M yaitu semen ditambah larutan digoksin 10"10 M10 pangkat -10M dan kelompok kontrol (K) yaitu semen ditambah larutan Hanks. Sampel yang telah diberi perlakuan diinkubasi pada suhu 37 °C selama 20, 40 dan 60 menit. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa digoksin berpengaruh terhadap persentase motilitas, viabilitas dan hasil uji HOS. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik parametrik (ANAVA faktorial) dengan taraf nyata 0,05 menunjukkan bahwa hanya digoksin 10 pangkat -8M yang diinkubasi selama 40 menit yang mampu meningkatkan motilitas spermatozoa manusia golongan astenozoospermia secara maksimal.

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