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"Ekstrak kering yeast dapat dihasilkan melalui fermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molase merupakan media alternatif yang dapat digunakan untuk fermentasi. Kandungan gula yang tinggi didalamnya dapat mengoptimalkan pertumbuhan Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah optimasi produksi esktrak kering yeast menggunakan molase sebagai media fermentasi dan analisis kadar β-glukan dan glukomanan menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Tingkat Tinggi (KCKT) dengan detektor indeks bias dan secara enzimatik. Sumber karbon, nitrogen, dan fosfat dioptimasi pada media molase. Diperoleh hasil optimum sumber karbon pada konsentrasi 14%, sumber nitrogen 0,18 gr urea, dan sumber fosfat 0,054 gr NPK. Analisis pada kromatografi menggunakan kolom C18-Fenil dan kondisi analisis yang optimum, yaitu menggunakan fase gerak asetonitril-DI Water (70:30) dengan laju alir 1,0 mL/menit. Hasil rata-rata kadar β-glukan dan glukomanan pada ekstrak kering yeast masing-masing 34,703% dan 6,466%. dengan KCKT; 43,48% dan 0,96% dengan enzimatik. Untuk standar ekstrak kering yeast rata-rata kadar β-glukan dan glukomanan masing-masing 30,626% dan 29,336% dengan KCKT; 40,53% dan 59,14% dengan enzimatik.

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Dry yeast extract can be produced by fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molasses is an alternative media that can be used for the fermentation. High sugar level in molasses can optimize the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The purpose of this study was optimization of dry yeast extract production using molasses as a fermentation media and the determination of β-glucan and glucomannan levels by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), with a refractive index detector, and enzymatic method. The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources are optimized on molasses media. The optimum results obtained from carbon sources at a concentration of 14%, nitrogen sources 0.18 gr urea, and phosphate sources 0.054 gr NPK. Analysis by chromatography using the C18-Phenyl column with the optimum analysis conditions, which was mobile phase using acetonitrile-DI Water (70:30) with a flow rate 1.0 mL/min. The average level of β-glucans and glucomannan on self-produced dried yeast extract were 34.703% and 6.466% by HPLC, 43.48% and 0.96% by enzymatic. On the dried yeast extract standard are 30.662% and 29.336% by HPLC, 40.53%, and 59.14% by enzymatic.

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"ABSTRACTBiomassa dari limbah lignoselulosa berpotensi sebagai sumberproduk biologi. Namun, salah satu kendala pemanfaatan hasilhidrolisis biomassa adalah adanya senyawa inhibitor sehinggapenggunaan mikroorganisme tahan inhibitor sangat diperlukandalam proses fermentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuipengaruh campuran inhibitor terhadap Saccharomycess cerevisiaestrain I136 yang ditumbuhkan dalam medium yang mengandungcampuran inhibitor sintetis (asam asetat, asam format, furfural,5-hydroxymethylfurfural/5-HMF, dan asam levulinat) dalam empatkonsentrasi yang berbeda dengan sumber karbon glukosa (50 g.l-1) dan xilosa (50 g.l-1) pada suhu 30oC. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap parameter yang terkait dengan pertumbuhan strain ini dan produk hasil fermentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strain I136 tahan terhadap media BSL dengan nilai μmax 0,020/h. Peningkatan konsentrasi inhibitor dalam medium memperpanjang fase lag serta menurunkan produksi biomassa sel, produksi etanol, dan lajupertumbuhan spesifik. Strain ini mampu mendetoksifikasi senyawafurfural dan 5-HMF dan menghasilkan etanol tertinggi dengan nilai(Y(p/s) 0,32 g.g-1 ketika ditumbuhkan dalam media BSL. Glukosa dapat digunakan yang ditandai dengan menurunnya konsentrasi glukosa dan meningkatnya konsentrasi sel biomassa. Sebaliknya, xilosa tidak digunakan dan konsentrasinya tetap sekitar 50 g.l-1. Produksi biomassa sel tertinggi dicapai ketika strain ini ditumbuhkan dalam media YNB dengan nilai Y(x/s) 0,25 g.g-1. Strain ini menghasilkan asam asetat sebagai produk samping yang dominan dan dapat mengubah furfural menjadi senyawa yang kurang toksik, yaitu hidroksi furfural. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan informasi awal tentang mekanisme toleransi dan berguna sebagai pabrik sel untuk produk biologi dengan menggunakan materi dari bahan berlignoselulosa."

"Selenium yeast merupakan salah satu sumber selenium dan ekstrak khamir merupakan sumber untuk memperoleh manan dan β-glukan, namun di Indonesia untuk memperoleh selenium yeast masih sulit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan metode pembuatan selenium yeast yang optimal serta isolasi manan dan β-glukan dari ekstrak khamir hasil fermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pembuatan selenium yeast dilakukan dengan variasi penambahan selenium yaitu konsentrasi 30 µg/mL [Selenium yeast A], 40 µg/mL [Selenium yeast B], dan 50 µg/mL [Selenium yeast C] pada kultur fase stasioner (84 jam), kemudian diinkubasi kembali selama 24 jam. Kadar selenium dianalisis dengan SSA dan proteinnya dianalisis dengan metode Bradford. Isolasi manan dan β-glukan dengan menggunakan air dengan pemanasan, kemudian diendapkan dengan pelarut organik. Analisis manan dan β-glukan dalam isolat dilakukan dengan KCKT-RID. Hasil pembuatan selenium yeast diperoleh selenium yeast A, B dan C masing-masing, sejumlah 2,5; 2,1 dan 2,0 g serta hasil analisis kadar selenium masing-masing yaitu 4258,0096; 5097,4238; 5508,9759 µg/g dan protein masing-masing yaitu 0,8505; 0,8642; 0,9900 mg/mL. Hasil isolasi manan dan β-glukan masing-masing, sejumlah 0,2243 g dan 0,9130 g serta hasil analisis kadar manan dan β-glukan masing-masing yaitu 76,63% dan 95,47%. Selenium yeast dengan kandungan selenium tertinggi dapat diperoleh dengan penambahan selenium konsentrasi 50 µg/mL pada kultur fase stasioner.

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Selenium yeast is a source of selenium and yeast extract is a source for obtaining mannan and β-glucan, but in Indonesia it is still difficult to obtain selenium yeast. The purpose of this study was to obtain an optimal method of producing selenium yeast and the isolation of mannan and β-glucan from the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Selenium yeast was made by varying the addition of selenium, namely concentration 30 µg/mL [Selenium yeast A], 40 µg/mL [Selenium yeast B], and 50 µg/mL [Selenium yeast C] in stationary phase culture (84 hours), then incubated again for 24 hours. The contents of selenium were analyzed by AAS and the protein were analyzed by the Bradford method. Isolation of mannan and β-glucan were using water with heating, then precipitated with organic solvent. Manan and β-glucan analysis in isolates was carried out by HPLC-RID. The results of the manufacture of selenium yeast obtained selenium yeast A, B and C amounting to 2.5; 2.1 and 2.0 g, the results of the analysis content of selenium are 4258.0096; 5097.4238; 5508.9759 µg/g and protein are 0.8505; 0.8642; 0.9900 mg/mL, respectively. The results of the isolation of mannan and β-glucan were 0.2243 g and 0.9130 g, the results of the analysis of the levels of mannan and β-glucan were 76.63% and 95.47%, respectively. Selenium yeast with the highest selenium content can be obtained by adding selenium concentration of 50 µg/mL in the stationary phase culture."

"Pasien yang mengalami defisiensi zink diketahui mengalami penurunan kekebalan tubuh. Hal ini dikarenakan zink berperan dalam respon sel imun. Zink dapat diperoleh diantara lain dari ekstrak khamir (zink-yeast) yang diketahui banyak digunakan sebagai penyedap rasa makanan. Penyerapan dari zink-yeast diketahui lebih baik dibandingkan dengan zink sulfat bila diuji secara in-vivo. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu membuat zink-yeast dengan konsentrasi zink yang optimal, membuat ekstrak khamir yang kaya dengan nukleotida dan isolasi IMP (inosin monofosfat) serta GMP (guanosin monofosfat) dari ekstrak khamir yang berasal dari fermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Zink-yeast dibuat dengan menambahkan zink sulfat dengan variasi konsentrasi 200, 300 dan 400 μg/mL pada fase stasioner kultur fermentasi khamir dengan media YPD (yeast peptone dextrose). Selanjutnya kandungan zink pada zink-yeast dianalisis dengan metode spektrofotometri serapan atom dan dianalisis kandungan proteinnya dengan metode Bradford. Selain itu, dilakukan pula uji difusi in vitro menggunakan metode sel difusi Franz. Ekstrak khamir yang kaya dengan nukleotida dibuat dengan menggunakan metode hidrolisis enzim dan kemudian dianalisis kadar IMP dan GMP menggunakan metode KCKT pasangan ion dengan detektor PDA pada panjang gelombang 255 nm dengan fase gerak natrium heksan sulfonat-kalium dihidrogen fosfat (90:10) dan laju alir 0,4 ml/menit. IMP dan GMP pada ekstrak khamir lalu diisolasi dengan kromatografi kolom menggunakan fase gerak n- heksan dan etil asetat (1: 2). Hasil zink-yeast terbaik diperoleh pada penambahan 300 μg/mL zink sulfat pada khamir (perolehan atau yield p/s 20,83 %) yang mengandung 2458,30 μg/g zink dan 0,8682 mg/mL protein. Zink-yeast memiliki persen kumulatif difusi zink 39,64% sedangkan zink sulfat diperoleh nilai 2,49%. Pada penelitian ini juga diperoleh 3,2 gram ekstrak khamir yang mengandung kadar IMP 0,25% dan kadar GMP 0,26%. Hasil dari isolasi kromatografi kolom pada ekstrak khamir diperoleh fraksi GMP sejumlah 12,2 mg dan fraksi IMP sejumlah 22,8 mg dengan persen efisiensi purifikasi masing-masing yaitu 52,21% dan 11,92%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu zink-yeast yang optimal diperoleh dengan penambahan 300 μg/mL zink sulfat pada fase stasioner kultur fermentasi khamir. Difusi zink secara in vitro pada zink-yeast lebih baik bila dibandingkan zink sulfat.

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Patients who experience zinc deficiency are known to experience decreased immunity. This is because zinc plays a role in the response of immune cells. Zinc can be obtained among others from yeast extracts (zink-yeast) which are known to be widely used as a flavoring of food. Absorption from zinc-yeast is known to be better than zinc sulfate when tested in vivo. The purpose of this research was to create zinc-yeast with optimal zinc concentration, to make yeast extract enriched with nucleotides, also isolate IMP (inosine monophosphate) and GMP (guanosine monophosphate) from yeast extract derived from the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Zinc-yeast is made by adding zinc sulfate with various concentrations of 200, 300, and 400 μg/mL to the stationary phase of yeast fermentation culture with YPD (yeast peptone dextrose) media. Furthermore, the zinc content in zinc-yeast was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and protein content was analyzed by the Bradford method. In addition, in vitro diffusion study was conducted using the Franz diffusion cell method. Yeast extract enriched nucleotide is made using enzyme hydrolysis method and then analyzed for the content of IMP and GMP using the ion pair HPLC method with PDA detector at a wavelength of 255 nm with sodium hexane sulfonate-potassium dihydrogen phosphate (90:10) as mobile phase and flow rate. 0.4 ml/min. IMP and GMP in yeast extract were isolated by column chromatography using n-hexane and ethyl acetate as mobile phase (1: 2). The optimum zinc-yeast results were obtained by adding 300 g/mL zinc sulfate to yeast (yield p/s 20.83%) that contained 2458.30 μg/g zinc and 0.8682 mg/mL protein. Zinc-yeast has a cumulative percent of zinc diffusion of 39.64% while zinc sulfate has a value of 2.49%. This study also obtained 3.2 g of yeast extract containing 0.25% IMP and 0.26% GMP. The results of the isolation of column chromatography on yeast extracts obtained a GMP fraction of 12.2 mg and an IMP fraction of 22.8 mg with the percent purification efficiency is 52.21% and 11.92%, respectively. This study concludes that the optimal zinc-yeast was obtained by adding 300 μg/mL of zinc sulfate in the stationary phase of yeast fermentation culture. In vitro zinc diffusion in zinc-yeast is better than zinc sulfate."

"Berbagai penyakit dalam tubuh disebabkan oleh adanya radikal bebas. Radikal bebas adalah atom atau gugus yang memiliki satu atau lebih elektron tidak berpasangan. Dalam melindungi tubuh dari serangan radikal bebas, substansi antioksidan berfungsi untuk menstabilkan radikal bebas dengan melengkapi kekurangan elektron dari radikal bebas, sehingga menghambat terjadinya reaksi berantai. Buah manggis merupakan hasil pertanian pangan yang melimpah di Indonesia, dengan produksi lebih dari 190 ribu ton manggis setiap tahunnya. Kulit buah manggis memiliki kandungan senyawa polifenol cukup tinggi yang berperan sebagai antioksidan, namun belum banyak dimanfaatkan. Proses fermentasi merupakan salah satu cara efektif untuk memanfaatkan limbah kulit buah manggis untuk memproduksi antioksidan guna menangkal radikal bebas yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae terbukti dapat meningkatkan kadar antioksidan buah melalui fermentasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan suhu fermentasi, pH fermentasi, lama waktu fermentasi dan konsentrasi biomassa kulit buah manggis (Garcinia mangostana Linn) dengan khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae yang optimum untuk menghasilkan aktivitas antioksidan terbaik. Konsentrasi biomassa kulit buah manggis divariasikan menggunakan metode OVAT (One Variable at A Time), sedangkan suhu fermentasi, pH fermentasi dan lama waktu fermentasi dioptimasi menggunakan RSM (Response Surface Methodology). Sampel hasil fermentasi kemudian dilakukan pengujian antara lain uji TPC (Total Phenolic Content), TFC (Total Flavonoid Content) berikut dengan analisisnya menggunakan software Design-Expert 11, dan uji DPPH (Difenil-2-Pikrilhidrazil) guna mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan melalui senyawa polifenol. Kemudian dilakukan karakterisasi untuk menentukan komposisi antioksidan menggunakan pendekatan LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi operasi terbaik untuk menghasilkan aktivitas antioksidan optimum sebesar 5,68 ppm antioksidan adalah pada suhu 31,5oC, pH 6, waktu 6 jam dan konsentrasi bubuk kulit manggis 20%. Senyawa Alpha-mangostin atau 1,3,6-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2,8-bis(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-9H-xanthen-9-one merupakan senyawa dengan komposisi tertinggi baik pada sampel fenolik maupun flavonoid.

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Various diseases in the body are caused by the presence of free radicals. Free radicals are atoms or groups that have one or more unpaired electrons. In protecting the body from free radical attack, antioxidant substances function to stabilize free radicals by complementing the lack of electrons from free radicals, thereby inhibiting chain reactions. Mangosteen fruit is an abundant agricultural food product in Indonesia, with a production of more than 190 thousand tons of mangosteen each year, this is directly proportional to the abundant amount of mangosteen rind waste. Mangosteen rind contains quite high polyphenols compounds which act as antioxidants, but have not been widely used. The fermentation process is one of the most effective ways to utilize mangosteen rind waste to produce antioxidants to ward off free radicals that enter the body. One of the most widely used microorganisms in fermentation is Saccharomyces cerevisiae because besides being cheap, easier to obtain, and commonly used in the production of food and beverage industries, Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast is proven to increase fruit antioxidant levels through fermentation. The purpose of this study are to determine the optimum fermentation temperature, fermentation pH, fermentation time, and biomass concentration of mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana Linn) with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to produce the best antioxidant activity. The concentration of mangosteen rind biomass will be vary using the OVAT (One Variable at A Time) method, while fermentation temperature, pH fermentation, and fermentation time will be optimized using RSM (Response Surface Methodology). The sample of fermentation then will carry out by some tests, among others TPC (Total Phenolic Content), TFC (Total Flavonoid Content) along with the analysis using the Design-Expert 11 software, and DPPH (Difenil-2-Pikrilhidrazil) test to determine antioxidant activity through polyphenol compounds. Then carry out characterization to determine the composition of antioxidant using the LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy) approach. The result showed that the best operating condition to produce the optimum antioxidant activity of 5,68 ppm antioxidant was at a temperature of 31,5oC, pH 6, time of 6 hours and a concentration of 20% mangosteen peel powder. Alpha-mangostin or 1,3,6-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2,8-bis(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-9H-xanthen-9-one compound was the compound with the highest composition both at phenolic and flavonoid samples."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui kemampuan antimikroba β-glukan dari ragi roti terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 dan Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. Ragi roti yang berisi khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae diekstrak β-glukannya dan dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Uji penentuan aktivitas antimikroba dengan metode turbiditas dan TPC terdiri atas 5 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif, kontrol pembanding I dan II menggunakan β-glukan krestin, serta perlakuan I dan II menggunakan β-glukan ragi roti. Hasil ektraksi diperoleh ekstrak kasar dengan persentase ekstrak sebesar 5%. Analisis kualitatif dengan Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) dan kuantitatif dengan Megazyme menunjukkan keberadaan β-glukan di dalam ekstrak kasar sebesar 47,7 % (b/b). Uji antimikroba menunjukkan bahwa β-glukan ragi roti tidak mempunyai aktivitas antimikroba terhadap Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 dan Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579.

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The aim of this study was to observe the antimicrobial activity of β-glucan extracted from baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) against bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. β-glucan from baker’s yeast was extracted and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Antimicrobial test of β-glucan using turbidity and TPC methods, consist of 5 treatment groups, i.e. the negative control, comparison control I and II (β-glucan krestin), and treatment I and II (β-glucan from baker’s yeast). Extraction process resulted 5% of crude extract. Qualitative analyzed by FTIR and quantitative by Megazyme method showed that the purity of β-glucan in crude extract was 47,7 % (w/w). The antimicrobial test indicated that β-glucan from baker’s yeast did not have antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579."

"An exploration of selenium containing herbs was carried out in the Kerinci -Sumatra, Toraja highland-Sulawesi and Rinjani-Lombok. The herbs were sampled according to their morfofisiological characters and local etnopharmalogical information. The analitical parameters were the selenium and selenomethionine content as measured by ASS and GC respectivelly, gluthathione peroxidase as measured biochemically dan cell model shrinkage observation to reveal the selenium containing extract effect on celluler development. The result indicates the diversity of both content and functional selenium compounds in the selected herbs. The relatively high selenium content herbs such as allium sativum 1 NHR had hingher gluthathione peroxidase and hence its antioxidant activity. However the relatively lower selenium content of physalis angulata 33NHR was able to induce more cell model shrinkage. The phenomenon of relation among selenium based selenoamino acid, antioxidant and cell shrinkage potential need to be futher studies on these selected herbs."

"The whole cell immobilization in ethanol fermentation can be done by using natural carriers or through synthetic carriers. All of these methods have the same purpose of retaining high cell concentrations within a certain defined region of space which leads to higher ethanol productivity. Lignocellulosic plant substance represents one of highlypotential sources in ethanol production. Some studies have found that cellulosic substances substances can also be used as a natural carrier in cell immobilization by re-circulating pre-culture medium into a reactor. In this experiment, rice hulls without any treatment were used to immobilize Saccharomyces cerevisiae through semi solid state incubation combined with re-circulating pre-culture medium. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures of the carrier showthat the yeast cells are absorbed and embedded to the ricehull pore. In liquid batch fermentation system with an initialsugar concentration of 50 g/L, nearly 100% total sugar was consumed after 48 hours. This resulted in an ethanol yield of 0.32 g ethanol/g glucose, which is 62.7% of the theoretical value. Ethanol productivity of 0.59 g/(L.h) is 2.3 fold higher than that of free cells which is 0.26 g/(L.h). An effort to reuse the immobilized cells in liquid fermentationsystem showed poor results due to cell desorption in the first batch which led to high sugar concentration inhibitory effect in the second batch fermentation. This might be solved by using semi solid fermentation process in the future work. "

"An experiment to study the effect of elicitor derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hansen) on ajmalicine content of Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don. callus cultures has been conducted. Callus was induced from leaf segment and grew on medium Zenk (1977) supplemented with 2,5 x 10 M NAA dan 10 M BAP. Callus on the third subculture level was elicited with elicitor derived from S. cerevisiae. The following concentrations of elicitor tested were 0;0,5; ang 2,5 %(g/v) and the harvesting times were 0,18, 36 and 72 hour. The ajmalicine was analized qualitatively and quantitavely by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ajmalicine content was influenced concentration of elicitor and harvrst was analized. Guanlititatively by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ajmalicine content was influenced by concentration of elicitor and harvesting time. A significant increase of ajmalicine content (303. 475 kurang lebih 5.602 ug/gDW) was achieved bu addition of elicitor of 0.5% (g/v) after 36 hour. This study show a significant increase of ajmalicine content in C, roseus callus cultures after being challenged with S. cerevisiae elicitor i.e. 69,334 %."