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"Principles of athletic training: a competency-based approach is designed to be used by athletic trainers in courses concerned with the scientific, evidence-based and clinical foundations of athletic training and sports medicine. The text leads the student from general foundations to specific concepts relative to injury prevention, evaluation, management, and rehabilitation."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui peran pelatihan mental terhadap perceived control of anxiety pada atlet pelajar olahraga atletik. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Pelajar Daerah (PPLPD) Kabupaten Bogor dengan partisipan sebanyak 16 atlet pelajar olahraga atletik non teknik. Pelatihan mental yang digunakan adalah pelatihan mental tingkat lanjut, yaitu pelatihan mental yang menggunakan gabungan berbagai pelatihan mental dasar yaitu teknik kognitif tingkah laku melalui goal setting dan self talk, relaksasi otot progresif, konsentrasi, dan imajeri. Perceived control of anxiety diukur dengan Revised Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ-R) yang disusun oleh Brown, White, Forsyth, dan Barlow (2004). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan mental dapat meningkatkan perceived control of anxiety atlet. Secara spesifik, dua dimensi dalam perceived control of anxiety yaitu threat control dan stress control menunjukkan peningkatan setelah diberikan pelatihan mental. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan mental tingkat lanjut dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan seseorang terhadap kemampuannya untuk melakukan penyesuaian secara psikologis terhadap kejadian yang dapat menimbulkan rasa cemas dengan melakukan pengendalian terhadap ancaman yang muncul dan pengendalian terhadap stress.

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This research was conducted to examine the role of mental training on perceived control of anxiety among athletic student athletes. This research was conducted at PPLPD Bogor Regency with total participants are 16 non-technique athletic student athletes. Mental training consists of several basic mental training, including goal setting and self talk, progressive muscle relaxation, concentration, and imagery, and called advanced mental training. Perceived control of anxiety was measured with Revised Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ-R) from Brown, White, Forsyth, dan Barlow (2004). Result showed that mental training did play a role in enhancing perceived control of anxiety among athletic student athletes. Specifically, two out of three dimensions of perceived control of anxiety: threat control and stress control showed a significant increase after mental training. This result showed that advanced mental training can enhancing individuals perceived level of control over anxiety and anxiety-related events through threat control and stress control."

"Latar Belakang. Selain hasil produksi, kebugaran, health cost dan sickness absence merupakan parameter produktivitas yang penting bagi perusahaan. Salah satu yang mempengaruhi sickness absence adalah individu pekerja itu sendiri berupa gaya hidup tidak sehat seperti kurangnya aktivitas fisik, pola makan yang buruk, merokok dan stress. Oleh sebab itu, saat ini banyak berkembang program wellness di tempat kerja, sebagai upaya meningkatkan kesehatan dan kebugaran pekerja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai pengaruh suatu program yang dikemas dalam bentuk kompetisi latihan fisik untuk meningkatkan kebugaran terhadap penurunan sickness absence pekerja. Metode. Penelitian dengan desain cohort retrospektif dengan total sampling dilakukan di perusahaan kimia A, kota Cilegon pada bulan Mei-Juni 2019. Pada penelitian diamati hasil program latihan fisik yang dilakukan di perusahaan selama tahun 2018. Pencatatan latihan fisik dilakukan kolektif melalui aplikasi smartphone, dan evaluasi kebugaran periodik menggunakan test jalan Rockport untuk mengukur kadar VO2 max. Data sickness absence dihitung berdasarkan total hari kerja hilang selama satu tahun berjalan setelah program dimulai. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS Statistik versi 22.0. Hasil. Sebanyak 91 subjek, peserta program latihan fisik, dianalisis data programnya utuk mencari peningkatan kebugaran dan penurunan sickness absence berdasarkan data latihan fisiknya selama satu tahun. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara Active Group (AG) dan Innactive Group (IG) dalam meningkatkan kebugaran (adjusted RR 4,821, 95% CI 1,544-15,052) dan penurunan sickness absence (adjusted RR 3,458, CI 95% 1,034-11.572). Probabilitas penurunan sickness absence tidak berbeda antara yang mengalami peningkatan kebugaran dan yang tidak. Selain itu, ditemukan bahwa peserta dengan berat badan normal lebih berpeluang untuk meningkatkan kebugaran dibandingkan dengan peserta dengan kelebihan berat badan lebih/obesitas (adjusted RR 3,565, 95% CI 1,093-11,635). Simpulan. Keaktifan dalam program latihan fisik terbukti meningkatkan kebugaran (nilai VO2 max) dan menurunkan sickness absence. Seseorang dengan status gizi normal lebih berpeluang untuk meningkatkan kebugaran dibandingkan status gizi lebih.

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Background. Besides production, employee fitness status, health costs and sickness absence are important productivity parameters for the company. One of the contributing factors of sickness absence is an individual factor, with unhealthy lifestyle such as an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, smoking and stress. Therefore, there are many wellness programs developed in the workplace, as an effort to improve worker's health and fitness. The aim of this study was to assess effect of physical exercise program for fitness improvement (value vo2 max) on sickness absence.

Methods. Study with a retrospective cohort design and total sampling was carried out in chemical company A, Cilegon in May-June 2019. This study was conducted by observing the results of the workers' physical training program in the company during 2018. Records of physical exercise were carried out collectively through a smartphone application, and fitness evaluation periodically use the Rockport walking test to measure VO2 max levels. The sickness absence data is calculated based on the total lost working days during the current year after the program starts. Data analysis using SPSS Statistics version 22.0.

Result. Data from 91 subjects of this study were observed to look for improvement in fitness and decrease in sickness absence based on one year's exercise data. 35 (38.5%) subjects increased their fitness (VO2 max value) and 31 (34.1%) subjects decreased in sickness absence. The factors that influence both of these are active physical exercise that carried out by 21 (23.1%) subjects. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between Active Group (AG) and Innactive Group (IG) in improving fitness (adjusted RR 4.821, CI 95% 1.544-15.052) and decreasing sickness absence (adjusted RR 3.458, CI 95% 1.034-11.572). The probability of decreasing sickness absence does not differ between those who improve their fitness and those who do not. In addition, it was found that participants with normal weight were more likely to increase fitness compared to participants with overweight/obesity (adjusted RR 3.565, 95% CI 1.093-11.635).

Conclusion. Being active in a physical training program has been shown to improve fitness level and reduce sickness absence. And normal nutritional status is more likely to improve fitness than overweight or obesity."

"Latihan fisik merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dan memori. Latihan fisik dapat meningkatkan kadar serotonin pada otak, termasuk hipokampus, dengan cara meningkatkan transpor triptofan yang merupakan prekursor serotonin menuju otak. Serotonin merupakan neurotransmiter yang diketahui dapat mempengaruhi berbagai fungsi otak, termasuk proses belajar dan memori. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik intensitas ringan terhadap kemampuan belajar dan memori serta kadar serotonin pada hipokampus. Latihan fisik dilakukan menggunakan treadmill pada kecepatan 15 m/menit selama empat minggu, dengan durasi latihan 15 menit untuk minggu ke-1 dan 25 menit untuk tiga minggu berikutnya. Pada akhir masa perlakuan, hewan coba didekapitasi, jaringan hipokampus diisolasi dan ditimbang. Kemudian serotonin dan triptofan diekstraksi dari jaringan hipokampus, pengukuran kadar serotonin dan triptofan dilakukan dengan menggunakan HPLC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa latihan fisik aerobik intensitas ringan dapat meningkatkan performa hewan coba dalam menyelesaikan uji belajar dan memori pada perangkat water-E maze. Pada kelompok perlakuan, penurunan waktu tempuh yang signifikan terlihat pada minggu ke-1, namun hal tersebut baru terlihat pada minggu ke-4 pada kelompok kontrol. Penurunan jumlah kesalahan yang signifikan pada kelompok perlakuan terlihat pada minggu ke-2, tetapi penurunan jumlah kesalahan yang signifikan belum terlihat sampai dengan minggu ke-4 pada kelompok kontrol. Analisis statistik komparatif hasil belajar dan memori antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dalam hal waktu tempuh yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan uji belajar dan memori baik oleh kelompok kontrol maupun kelompok perlakuan. Jumlah kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh hewan coba pada kelompok perlakuan lebih sedikit secara signifikan pada uji belajar dan memori minggu ke-3 dan ke-4 (p<0,05). Berat total hipokampus kelompok perlakuan lebih berat secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p<0,05). Kadar serotonin pada hipokampus kelompok perlakuan lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p<0,05). Kadar triptofan lebih tinggi pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol, namun perbedaan tersebut tidak signifikan secara statistik. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa peningkatan kadar serotonin pada hipokampus yang diinduksi oleh latihan fisik terlibat dalam meningkatkan fungsi dan struktur hipokampus sehingga berperan dalam meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dan memori spasial.

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Physical exercise is one of the most important factors that can improve learning and memory. Physical exercise can enhance serotonin level in the brain by increasing tryptophan (serotonin precursor) transport to the brain, including the hippocampus. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that influencing many brain functions, including learning and memory.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of low intensity of aerobic exercise on learning and memory ability and serotonin level in adult male wistar rats hippocampus. Physical exercise was done for four weeks using animal treadmill at 15 m/min in speed, 15 minutes for 1st week and 25 minutes for the next three weeks in duration. At the end of the treatment period, animals were decapitated, the hippocampus tissues were isolated and weighed. Then serotonin and tryptophan extracted from hippocampal tissue, the measurements of hippocampal serotonin and tryptophan levels were done using HPLC.

The results showed that low intensity of aerobic exercise can improve animal performance in completing the learning and memory tests on the water-E maze. The duration time to finish learning and memory test was significantly decrease at 1st week in exercised group, but it was seen at 4th week in the control group. The number of errors was significantly decrease at 2nd week in exercised group, but significant decrease in the number of errors have not been seen until the 4th week in the control group.

Statistical comparative test of learning and memory between the control group and the exercised group showed that there was no significant difference in terms of duration time needed by both groups to complete learning and memory tests (p>0,05). Statistically significant difference of error numbers had ben shown by exercised group at 3rd and 4th week (p<0,05). The total weight of the hippocampus of exercised group was significantly heavier than the control group (p<0,05). Serotonin levels in the hippocampus of exercised group significantly higher than that in control group (p<0,05). Meanwhile, triptofan levels was also higher in the hippocampus of exercised group although not significantly different.

These results indicate that the enhancement of serotonin levels in the hippocampus induced by low intensity of aerobic exercise was involved not only in improving the function and stucture of the hippocampus but also spatial learning and memory ability as well."