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"Over the past two decades, labor unions in the United States have experienced a profound crisis. In spite of spending hundreds of millions of dollars on new organizing campaigns, unions have not won a major victory since 1995, and membership rates have steadily plunged. Meanwhile, corporate power has strengthened its grip, making the strength of unions more relevant than ever. What is the reason behind the downfall of the unions, and what can be done about it? No Shortcuts examines the ways in which unions can reverse their recent decline, arguing that despite todays extremely hostile environment, unions could win much more if they changed their organizing strategies. Through case study analysis, the book demonstrates that different organizing strategies produce different outcomes representing different levels of success, and that the reason for the decline in union victories lies not in the growing power of employers, but rather in the ways in which unions organize both members and nonmembers. Once, the workers themselves were the focus of union organizing, but organizers in the new millennium have spent most of their energy on corporate campaigns intended to weaken employer opposition to unions-making the employers, not the workers, the new center of the movement. No Shortcuts concludes that reversing todays inequality will require a robust embrace of unions-but of unions that are democratic and focused on bottom-up rather than top-down strategies, that place the agency for change in workers acting collectively both at work and in the communities in which they reside. Finally, the books analysis, although focused on the organization of strong unions, has the broadest possible application: the organization of a just society."

"Sebagai seorang penulis, juga seorang yang religius, Horatio Alger, Jr. sangat prihatin melihat keadaan anak-anak jalanan ini. Alger percaya bahwa suatu karya tulis dapat memberi pelajaran bagi orang atau anak-anak yang membacanya. Maka, Alger mengkonstruksi kehidupan anak jalanan di kola New York berdasarkan nilai-nilai Kristiani yang ia yakini, umpamanya melalui novel untuk anak-anak, dimana Alger menekankan pentingnya kejujuran, karena kejujuran akan memberi pahala, kerja keras dan kegembiraan, meskipun hidup dalam kesengsaraan. Alger, melalui rasa ingin membantu orang lain, memberikan sifat ini pada tokoh pahlawannya, Dick, sehingga anak ini meniti kehidupannya menuju masa depannya secara pasti. Pada akhir cerita Ragged Dick. Ragged Dick melangkah lebih maju menuju masa depan yang cerah dengan meninggalkan julukannya Ragged Dick dan memakai nama aslinya sendiri, Richard Hunter. Exquire. Melalui konteks teks, tesis ini menganalisis kehidupan Ragged Dick, tokoh utama dalam novel berjudul Ragged Dick yang ditulis oleh Horatio Alger, Jr. Latar belakang karya tulis ini adalah abad Gilded, suatu era lanjutan dan industrialisasi sesudah Clvil War berakhir. Di era ini mulailah muncul korporasi yang memunculkan baron-baron perampok, yang sangat memuja materialisme. Dampak buruknya bagi sebagian masyarakat Amerika adalah kemiskínan yang semakin parah. Banyak sekali anak-anak jalanan tanpa ternpat tinggal harusmenghidupi diri sendiri di kota besar seerti New York.

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Horatio Alger, Jr. as a very religious writer was very concerned about the street life of these children. He constructed this street life based on Christian values in which he had faith. Alger believed that literature could teach people lessons, such as through his novels for boys, in which he urged the merits of honesty, hard work, and cheerfulness in adversity, and how, through personal philanthropy, Diet Alger?s hero, got his successful life. At the end of the novel, Ragged Dick moves further forward for a bright future by discarding his nickname Ragged Dick and using his original name Richard Hunter, Esquire.

Through text context, this thesis analyses the life of Ragged Dick, the hero in Ragged Dick, a novel written by Horatio Alger, k. The background of this novel is the Gilded Age, the era of industrialization and corporation. For some people this era gave great benefits, but for the majority of the American people the era became a disaster. They had to live poorly.

The effect of this condition was that so many homeless children lived itt big cities like New York. They had to live in the street. They became very tough to face the hard life.

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"Most parents, teachers, and guardians understand that children, no matter what their age, have needs for certain things in life to help them develop physically, emotionally, and mentally. There are many things that children themselves want. In our daily lives a "need" or a "want" may sound very similar, so that differentiation between the twoo is not always clear. This paper explores the distiction between needs and wants and the different ways and means young people use to achieve these ends in Western society. Its also looks at how parents react and deal with their children when the expectations rise and their needs and wants become more expensive. Sixty students, all aged between 16 and 22 years old, filed in questionnaires. They were from four different school sector, five different cultural backgrounds, and two universities in South Australia. Twenty were later in interviewed to document their experiences and stories. Data was analysed qualitatively for factors affecting attitude, kifestyle, core values, culture, and their impact on the behaviour outcomes. The study further examined how these patterns of behaviour reflected on the students' life sjills, achievements, and how they affected family outcomes. Results showed the many parents look the blame for their children's actions and illustrated the influence of values and cultural background on childre's attitude towards their parents, their needs, and expectations."